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古诗词对比评析之三 : 好了歌

古诗词对比评析之三 : 好了歌. 《 好了歌 》 七种译文对比评析 评了 《 好了歌注 》 不能不评 《 好了歌 》 ,因为欧美学者似乎也认识到它在 《 红楼梦 》 中的重要作用,因此翻译该部小说时,不管是全译还是节译,甚至是很简略的节译,都没有略去此歌不译。以下笔者就现有可找到的七个译本进行简要的评述。. 【 《 好了歌 》 原文 】. 世人都晓神仙好,惟有功名忘不了! 古今将相在何方?荒冢一堆草没了。 世人都晓神仙好,只有金银忘不了! 终朝只恨聚无多,及到多时眼闭了。 世人都晓神仙好,只有姣妻忘不了!

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古诗词对比评析之三 : 好了歌

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  1. 古诗词对比评析之三: 好了歌 • 《好了歌》七种译文对比评析 • 评了《好了歌注》不能不评《好了歌》,因为欧美学者似乎也认识到它在《红楼梦》中的重要作用,因此翻译该部小说时,不管是全译还是节译,甚至是很简略的节译,都没有略去此歌不译。以下笔者就现有可找到的七个译本进行简要的评述。

  2. 【《好了歌》原文】 • 世人都晓神仙好,惟有功名忘不了! • 古今将相在何方?荒冢一堆草没了。 • 世人都晓神仙好,只有金银忘不了! • 终朝只恨聚无多,及到多时眼闭了。 • 世人都晓神仙好,只有姣妻忘不了! • 君生日日说恩情,君死又随人去了。 • 世人都晓神仙好,只有儿孙忘不了! • 痴心父母古来多,孝顺儿孙谁见了?

  3. 在《好了歌》中,道教的“清静无为”与佛教的“四大皆空”成了这首歌词的血液。道教的最高境界是修炼得道后成神仙,与大自然亲密和谐,与世界之本体“道”融通为一,不为世俗所累而达到一种逍遥自在的境界。在佛教看来,尘世间的一切皆空,只有人的精神和灵魂是真实的。人们在红尘世界中的追求不仅是虚幻的,而且使人们陷入苦海之中。只有弃绝个人情欲,弃绝尘世追求,回到空灵的精神世界中去,才能彻底从尘世烦恼中解脱出来。《好了歌》正是以佛道这些教义开导人们要修行当神仙,说那才是最快活逍遥的。歌中说,这个道理人人明白,但谁也不愿放弃世俗的七情六欲。限于篇幅,歌词只列举了几种主要的尘世欲念。在《好了歌》中,道教的“清静无为”与佛教的“四大皆空”成了这首歌词的血液。道教的最高境界是修炼得道后成神仙,与大自然亲密和谐,与世界之本体“道”融通为一,不为世俗所累而达到一种逍遥自在的境界。在佛教看来,尘世间的一切皆空,只有人的精神和灵魂是真实的。人们在红尘世界中的追求不仅是虚幻的,而且使人们陷入苦海之中。只有弃绝个人情欲,弃绝尘世追求,回到空灵的精神世界中去,才能彻底从尘世烦恼中解脱出来。《好了歌》正是以佛道这些教义开导人们要修行当神仙,说那才是最快活逍遥的。歌中说,这个道理人人明白,但谁也不愿放弃世俗的七情六欲。限于篇幅,歌词只列举了几种主要的尘世欲念。

  4. 《好了歌》采用的虽然是七言诗的形式,但并非严格的格律诗。全诗一共四小节,每节中的前二行“世人都晓神仙好,惟有X X忘不了!”重复出现。一、二、四行的韵脚“好,了,了”是标准的,但全诗不大讲究平仄,更没有对仗,因此整体上颇似一首民谣。它符合跛足道人随口而歌的环境,也便于传达那明显的讽刺意味。

  5. 译文一: All men spiritual life know to be good, But fame to disregard they ne’er succeed! From old till now the statemen where are they? Waste lie their graves, a heap of grass, extinct. All men spiritual life know to be good, But to forget gold, silver, ill succeed! Through life they grudge their hoardings to be scant. And when plenty has come, their eyelids close. All men spiritual life hold to be good, Yet to forget wives, maids, they ne’er succeed! Who speak of grateful love while lives their lord, And dead their lord, another they pursue. All men spiritual life know to be good, But sons and grandsons to forget never succeed! From old till now of parents soft many, But filial sons and grandsons who have seen? (Tr. by H. B. Joly)

  6. 乔利的译文是《好了歌》最早的译本。译诗严格遵守原诗四小节十六行的格式,每小节头两行采用叠句形式。全诗为抑扬格,每行基本为五音步,韵脚是aabc, aade, aafg, aahi。为了忠于原意,乔利宁愿牺牲音调的铿锵,每小节后两句都不押韵,令人读来很不舒服。 • 从内容上看,乔利几乎字对字地翻译,对文字的修饰也不大注意。在“古今将相在何方?”一句,对“将相”的理解存在问题,译成了statesmen,不妥。再一句“荒冢一堆草没了”中的“一堆”是修饰“荒冢”的,乔利误译成a heap of grass. 但“只有姣妻忘不了”中的“姣妻”译作wives, maids,比较确切。

  7. 译文二: To train for a saint we know is best, But love of fame distracts our minds. Where are honoured sages now? Grass grows on their place of rest. To train for a saint we know is best, But love of wealth distracts our minds. Our eyes on gleaming treasures dote Till they close in death. Ah bootless zest! To train for a saint we know is best, But love of son distracts our minds. Oh, foolish doting! Poor return! Whoe’er with filial son was blest ? To train for a saint we know is best, But love of wife distracts our minds. Eternal love to us she vows, When we’re dead, then others fill her breast. (Tr. by赫德森)

  8. 赫德森译文同乔利的一样,也采用原诗四小节十六行的格式,每小节头两行用叠句。但它与乔译不同的是,只在每小节头二行采用抑扬格,每行四个音步,整体比乔利的译文简洁,似乎更符合原诗风格,并且译诗流畅自然。赫译的韵脚也挺严格,一四行一律押韵,韵式为abca, abda, abea, abfa。 • 方法上,赫德森不大拘泥于原文,在字词层面上处理得比较灵活,如每节第一句“世人都晓神仙好”译成To train for a saint we know is best基本上译出了该句的内涵, 但用distracts our mins传达“忘不了”的含义,却不大对得上号。另外,“世人都晓”中的“世人”应该是不包括跛足道人在内的红尘中人,所以用we know,our mins等语都不符合原意。 • 每一节的后两句,译诗也都改变了说法,但大体上意思还近似,并不离谱。问题比较大的,是“儿孙”和“姣妻”两个词,在译诗中都处理成了单数,不妥当。另外,译者把第三节和第四节做了调换,似乎无此必要。

  9. 译文三: Sweet world-forsaking! Precious solitude! Honor and fame: how little worth are these! The great ones of the world, when all is done, Are but a mound of earth, with grass thereon. Sweet world-forsaking! Precious solitude! Riches and gold ─ who would be fain of these? Our clutching hands seize them, and cannot hold: One day we must leave all ─ yes, wealth and gold. Sweet world-forsaking! Precious solitude! Do lovely women, then, ensnare your hearts? These swear to love one man till death doth part: He dieth ─ soon another claims that love. Sweet world-forsaking! Precious solitude! Are children, and their children, your desire? Loving parental hearts wear out in vain: The only thanks which children give is ─ pain. (Tr. by麦克休)

  10. 麦克休姐妹的这首译诗,是从德译本转译而来的。一般来说,文学作品的翻译,都存在不同程度的失真,从别的语言再转译,译文的准确系数当然要大打折扣了。首先第一句就不准确,因为当神仙和隐居遁世显然是有差别的。对第二句叠句的翻译也无章可循,并且句式也做了改变,都不妥当。总的说来,一、二句在意义上与原诗距离较远。比较而言,每小节三、四句的意思与原作较近。在形式上,这首译诗句子较长,类似散文,不具备诗歌铿锵的音调美,大体上讲,诗味很淡。麦克休姐妹的这首译诗,是从德译本转译而来的。一般来说,文学作品的翻译,都存在不同程度的失真,从别的语言再转译,译文的准确系数当然要大打折扣了。首先第一句就不准确,因为当神仙和隐居遁世显然是有差别的。对第二句叠句的翻译也无章可循,并且句式也做了改变,都不妥当。总的说来,一、二句在意义上与原诗距离较远。比较而言,每小节三、四句的意思与原作较近。在形式上,这首译诗句子较长,类似散文,不具备诗歌铿锵的音调美,大体上讲,诗味很淡。

  11. 译文四: Men all know that salvation should be won. But with ambition won’t have done, have done. Where are the famous ones of days gone by? In grassy graves they lie now, every one. Men all know that salvation should be won. But with their riches won’t have done, have done. Each day they grumble they’ve not made enough. When they’ve enough, it’s goodnight every one! Men all know that salvation should be won. But with their loving wives won’t have done. The dalings every day protest their love: But once you’re dead, they’re off with another one. Men all know that salvation should be won. But with their children won’t have done, have done. Yet though of parents fond there is no lack. Of grateful children saw I ne’er a one. ( Tr. by David Hawkes)

  12. 大卫•霍克斯的《红楼梦》全译本自上世纪70年代由英国企鹅图书公司陆续出版以来,受到翻译圈内专家学者的一致好评。译界普遍认为,这个英译本能不拘泥于原作的表层结构,善于挖掘曹雪芹的深层原意,用流畅的英文表达出来,实为佳译。大卫•霍克斯的《红楼梦》全译本自上世纪70年代由英国企鹅图书公司陆续出版以来,受到翻译圈内专家学者的一致好评。译界普遍认为,这个英译本能不拘泥于原作的表层结构,善于挖掘曹雪芹的深层原意,用流畅的英文表达出来,实为佳译。 • 从形式上看,每行诗基本上有十个音节,分四个音步采用抑扬格。每小节的一、二、四行押韵,分别为:won,done,one。韵式是aaba, aaca, aada, aaea。读起来非常流畅。尾韵“won,done,one”基本上符合原作“好、 了 、了”的韵脚和意义,并且与下文甄士隐和跛足道人对话中的“好、了”保持一致,确属不易之译。中外众多译者,没有几个能如此巧妙地处理好这首歌和下段对话中的“好、了”。整体来讲,霍译保持了原诗固有的音美、形美和意美。

  13. 上面四例国外译文,对“功名”都没有适当的翻译。乔译和赫译均译为fame,麦译为 Honor and fame,霍译为ambition。 除此之外,原诗“将相”一词,四译按上面顺序分别为statesmen, honoured sages, great ones of the world, famous ones of days gone by, 严格地说,四译没有一个贴切原文,只部分地再现了“将相”的内涵。我们知道,“将相”是古代文官武将的合称,“将”和“相”虽常相连使用,但毕竟有别,译者不可合而为一。如何翻译为好?下面中国译者的译文可以提供答案。

  14. 译文五: They all know the freedom of the immortals But Reward and Fame they cannot forget. Where are the ministers and generals past and present? ─ Under the neglected graves overgrown with grass. They all know the freedom of the immortals But Gold and Silver they cannot forget. All life long they save and hoard and wish for more — Then suddenly their eyes are forever closed. They all know the freedom of the immortals But their wives they cannot forget. They speak of love and constancy while you live ─ They will marry again before your graves are dry. They all know the freedom of the immortals But their sons and grandsons they cannot forget. Doting parents there have been many since ancient times ─ But whoever saw filial and obedient offspring ( Tr. by 王际真 )

  15. 王际真的译本是上世纪初《红楼梦》的第一个英译本,也是其后几十年一直流行欧美的译本。国外学者给予它很高的评价,其中马克•范•多伦(Mark Van Doren)的序中说:“……译文是精当的,能够表达原书的精神……”。但即就这样,《好了歌》的译文作为诗歌在再现原诗的形式美上仍存在一些缺陷。译诗虽然采用了原诗的形式,分四小节十六行,但在节奏及押韵上都不似原诗讲究。每小节前两行都有四个音步,后两行都有五个音步。每个音步中的音节,或两个,或三个,并不规则。押韵似全不讲究,句子相对较长。同原作相比,译文显得拖沓,笨拙。 • 王译将“古今将相今何方?”中的“将相”译为the ministers and generals,比较准确,对“古今”的处理,也毫无纰漏,并且用四个forget,译四个“忘不了”,都是超出国外译者的地方。这大概与对本土文化的熟悉程度有关。“君死又随人去了”一句,也译得较好,用marry again before your graves are dry,加强了原诗的语气。但They will是否可改为But?

  16. 译文六: We all envy the immortals because they are free. But fame and fortune we cannot forget. Where are the ministers and generals of the past and the present? ─ Under neglected graves overgrown with weeds. We all envy the immortals because they are free. But gold and silver we cannot forget. All our lives we save and hoard and wish for more, Then suddenly our eyes are forever closed. We all envy the immortals because they are free. But our precious wives we cannot forget. They speak of love and constancy while we live, But marry again soon enough after we are dead. We all envy the immortals because they are free. But our sons and grandsons we cannot forget. Many they are, of doting parents, from ancient times─ But how few of the sons are filial and obedient ! (Tr. by 王际真)

  17. 30多年后,王际真又重译了《红楼梦》的部分章节。从上面的两译文可看出,重译后的《好了歌》最大的变动在将原译的人称they变成了we。这样一来,倒拉大了与原文的距离,因为用they表达道人眼中的“世人”还基本可以,用we就讲不通了。“君死又随人去了”一句,也没原译生动。最后一句“痴心父母古来多,孝顺儿孙谁见了”在形式上有所调整,突现了两代人之间强烈的对比和反差,比原译效果好。30多年后,王际真又重译了《红楼梦》的部分章节。从上面的两译文可看出,重译后的《好了歌》最大的变动在将原译的人称they变成了we。这样一来,倒拉大了与原文的距离,因为用they表达道人眼中的“世人”还基本可以,用we就讲不通了。“君死又随人去了”一句,也没原译生动。最后一句“痴心父母古来多,孝顺儿孙谁见了”在形式上有所调整,突现了两代人之间强烈的对比和反差,比原译效果好。

  18. 译文七: All men long to be immortals, Yet to riches and rank each aspires; The great ones of old, where are they now? Their graves are a mass of briars. All men long to be immortals, Yet liver and gold they prize. And grub for money all their lives, Till death seals up their eyes. All men long to be immortals Yet dote on the wives they’ve wed, Who swear to love their husband evermore, But remarry as soon as he’s dead. All men long to be immortals, Yet with getting sons won’t have done. Although fond parents are legion, Who ever saw a really filial son? (Tr. by 杨宪益,戴乃迭)

  19. 对杨戴的《红楼梦》译本,国内外译界给予了极高的评价。就《好了歌》来说,译文简洁,表达流畅,意思也基本传达到位。译诗采用抑扬格,三、四音步互相结合。韵脚采用abcb, abdb,aefe, aghg 的形式,比较活泼,但缺点是与“好、了、了”对不上号,不能一贯到底,增加了后一段文字中翻译跛足道人关于“好、了”议论的难度。“惟有功名忘不了”中的“功名”用riches and rank译得也不大确切。

  20. 上面是对《好了歌》七种译文的介绍和评述,总的印象是:这六位译者对原作的理解相距不远,但在文字处理和表达上差别较大。除了都依原作,采用四小节十六行的格式以外,在用字押韵等方面,几乎无一类同,说明翻译的的确确是一种创造。它们共同的优点是:一般意思都比较准确,译者注意了诗歌的形式,态度十分认真。最大的缺点是;都不大重视《好了歌》是一种民谣体。这方面做得好的,恐怕还要数霍克斯先生。上面是对《好了歌》七种译文的介绍和评述,总的印象是:这六位译者对原作的理解相距不远,但在文字处理和表达上差别较大。除了都依原作,采用四小节十六行的格式以外,在用字押韵等方面,几乎无一类同,说明翻译的的确确是一种创造。它们共同的优点是:一般意思都比较准确,译者注意了诗歌的形式,态度十分认真。最大的缺点是;都不大重视《好了歌》是一种民谣体。这方面做得好的,恐怕还要数霍克斯先生。 • 参考文献: • 奚永吉. 文学翻译比较美学[M]. 武汉:湖北教育出版社,2001

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