Nobel Laureates

1. Nobel Laureates Shikha Yashveer1, Jayanti Tokas2,Shalini Jain3 and Hariom Yadav4 1Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 2Department of Biochemistry, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana, India 3Department of Biochemistry, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India 4National Agri-Food Biotechnology, Mohali, Punjab, India Email: yadavhariom@gmail.com

2. Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers. • He was a chemist, engineer, and inventor. • The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895. In 1888, Alfred was astonished to read his own obituary, titled ‘The merchant of death is dead’, in a French newspaper. Alfred Nobel

3. MEDAL FOR THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE BACK FRONT

4. NOBEL PRIZE IN PEACE NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

5. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 was awarded to Emil Fischer “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses’’ (1898). HERMANN EMIL FISCHER

6. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 was awarded jointly to IlyaIlyichMechnikov and Paul Ehrlich in recognition of their work on immunity (1882). Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov Paul Ehrlich

7. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910 was awarded to Albrecht Kossel "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" (1896). Albrecht Kossel

8. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 was awarded jointly to Frederick Grant Banting and John James Rickard Macleod "for the discovery of insulin” (1916). Frederick Grant Banting John James Rickard Macleod

9. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924 was awarded to Willem Einthoven for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram (1903). • Father of electrocardiography Willem Einthoven

10. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930 was awarded to Karl Landsteiner "for his discovery of human blood groups” (1900). Karl Landsteiner

11. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 was awarded to Thomas H. Morgan "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"  (1910). Thomas Hunt Morgan

12. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 was awarded to Hermann J. Muller "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation” (1926). MULLER

13. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 was divided equally between Hans Adolf Krebs "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" and Fritz Albert Lipmann "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism” (1930). Hans Adolf Krebs Fritz Albert Lipmann

14. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957 was awarded to Lord Todd "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes” (1949). Lord(Alexander R.)Todd

15. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 was awarded to Frederick Sanger "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" (1945). Frederick Sanger

16. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 was divided, one half jointly to George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events" and the other half to Joshua Lederberg "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria". (1951) George Wells Beadle Edward Lawrie Tatum Joshua Lederberg

17. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 was awarded jointly to Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid (1956). • A scientist shouldn't be asked to judge the economic and moral value of his work. All we should ask the scientist to do is find the truth-and then not keep it from anyone. Arthur Kornberg quotes Severo Ochoa Arthur Kornberg

18. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 was awarded jointly to Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material” (1953). Francis Harry Compton Crick James Dewey Watson Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

19. The 1962 Nobel prize in Chemistry was divided equally between: Perutz and Kendrew, Great Britain, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins". PERUTZ MAX FERDINAND KENDREW

20. The 1964 Nobel prize in Chemistry was awarded to HODGKIN, DOROTHY CROWFOOT, "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances". DOROTHY HODGKIN

21. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965 was awarded jointly to François Jacob, André Lwoff and Jacques Monod "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" (1961). François Jacob André Lwoff Jacques Monod

22. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 was awarded jointly to Robert W. Holley, HarGobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis’’ (1961) Robert W. Holley Har Gobind Khorana Marshall W. Nirenberg

23. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969 was awarded jointly to Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey and Salvador E. Luria "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses“(1952). Max Delbrück Alfred D. Hershey Salvador E. Luria

24. Norman E. Borlaug • The Nobel Peace Prize 1970 was awarded to Norman Borlaug. • Developed semi-dwarf, high-yield, disease-resistant wheat varieties in Mexico. • He was awarded the PadmaVibhushan, India's second highest civilian honor. • World Food Prize (1986).

25. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971 was awarded to Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones“(1953). Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.

26. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972 was awarded jointly to Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies“ (1960). Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter

27. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972 was divided, one half awarded to Christian B. Anfinsen "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation", the other half jointly to Stanford Moore and William H. Stein "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule". (1962) Christian B. Anfinsen Stanford Moore William H. Stein

28. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974 was awarded jointly to Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and George E. Palade "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell". Albert Claude Christian de Duve George E. Palade

29. George Emil Palade (November 19, 1912 – October 8, 2008) was a Romanian cell biologist. Described as "the most influential cell biologist ever”. • The prize was granted for his innovations in electron microscopy and cell fractionation which together laid the foundations of modern molecular cell biology, the most notable discovery being the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum – which he first described in 1955. • Palade also received the U.S. National Medal of Science in Biological Sciences for "pioneering discoveries of a host of fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells" in 1986, and was previously elected a Member of the US National Academy of Science in 1961.

30. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 was awarded jointly to David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard Martin Temin "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell". (1968) Howard Martin Temin David Baltimore Renato Dulbecco

31. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 was divided, one half jointly to Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" and the other half to Rosalyn Yalow "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones". (1950) Roger Guillemin Andrew V. Schally Rosalyn Yalow

32. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 was awarded jointly to Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics".1970 Werner Arber Daniel Nathans Hamilton O. Smith

33. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 was divided, one half awarded to Paul Berg "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA", the other half jointly to Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids“ (1972). Paul Berg Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger

34. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982 was awarded to Aaron Klug "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes". (1978) Aaron Klug

35. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 was awarded to Barbara McClintock "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements". 1948 Barbara McClintock

36. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984 was awarded jointly to Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler and César Milstein "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies". 1975 Niels K. Jerne Georges J.F. Köhler César Milstein

37. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 was awarded jointly to Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini "for their discoveries of growth factors" Stanley Cohen Rita Levi-Montalcini

38. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989 was awarded jointly to J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes“ 1976 J. Michael Bishop Harold E. Varmus

39. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989 was awarded jointly to Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA”1980. Sidney Altman Thomas R. Cech

40. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990 was awarded jointly to Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" Joseph E. Murray E. Donnall Thomas

41. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991 was awarded jointly to Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells“ 1970 Erwin Neher Bert Sakmann

42. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991 was awarded to Richard R. Ernst "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy". Richard R. Ernst

43. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992 was awarded jointly to Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism" Edmond H. Fischer Edwin G. Krebs

44. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993 was awarded jointly to Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp "for their discoveries of split genes. 1978 Richard J. Roberts Phillip A. Sharp

45. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993 was awarded "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry" jointly with one half to Kary B. Mullis "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" and with one half to Michael Smith "for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies". Kary B. Mullis Michael Smith

46. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994 was awarded jointly to Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" Alfred G. Gilman Martin Rodbell

47. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995 was awarded jointly to Edward B. Lewis, ChristianeNüsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development". Edward B. Lewis Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Eric F. Wieschaus

48. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997 was awarded to Stanley B. Prusiner"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection". 1982. Stanley B. Prusiner

49. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998 was awarded jointly to Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and FeridMurad"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system". Robert F. Furchgott Louis J. Ignarro Ferid Murad

50. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999 was awarded to Gunter Blobel"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell".1990 Gunter Blobel