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Comprehensive Overview of Research Methods in Psychology and Sociology

This chapter delves into scientific methods utilized in psychology and sociology, highlighting systematic approaches to identifying research problems and designing studies. It covers various research designs such as experimental, quasi-experimental, correlation, survey, case study, in-depth interviews, and observational methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are examined, emphasizing the importance of data collection, analysis, and ethical considerations in research. Additionally, it discusses the significance of avoiding biases to ensure valid and reliable outcomes in studies.

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Comprehensive Overview of Research Methods in Psychology and Sociology

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  1. Chapter # 2 Research Methods

  2. Scientific Method for Psychology • Asystematic approach to researching questions and problems • Identify the research problem, aided by previous research, or observation. • Design and conduct a study, gathering appropriate data. • Collection and analysis of data. • Communicate the results. • Replication (repeating).

  3. Sociological Research: Designs, Methods • Experimental method • Quasi experiment method • Correlation method • Survey method • In-depth interview and case study method • Observation method

  4. Case Study Research • In-depth examination of a single person, group or situation. • Begins with how and why. • On the positive side, case studies obtain useful information about individuals and small groups. • On the negative side, they tend to apply only to individuals with similar characteristics rather than to the general population.

  5. In-depth Interview • Gather answer to open ended questions • Conducting personal interviews at a time convenient for respondents

  6. Survey study • Involves interviewing or administering questionnaire. • written surveys, to large numbers of people. • To learn about similarities, differences, and trends. 

  7. ADVANTAGES OF SURVEY STUDY • Obtaining information from a large number of respondents • Acquiring data as inexpensively as possible. • “Mail‐in” surveys have the added advantage of ensuring anonymity and thus prompt response.

  8. DISADVANTAGS OF SURVEY STUDY • Volunteer bias: sample of volunteers is not representative of the general population. • Interviewer bias: when an interviewer's expectations or insignificant gestures (for example, frowning or smiling) inadvertently influence a subject's responses. • Distortion: when a subject does not respond to questions honestly.  

  9. Observational Research • Involves directly observing subjects' reactions. • Laboratory observation • Naturalistic observation

  10. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES • Honest accounts of the experiences. • Subject bias is common • HOWTHORNE EFFECT

  11. Correlation Research • Relationship between two variables (or “factors that change”). • No intentional changes. • Questionnaire to gather data • Relationship between two variables and degree of their relation. • Correlation coefficient (-1, +1) • Positive correlation (r=.58) • Negative correlation (r= -.58) • Zero correlation (r=.05)

  12. Experimental Research • Attempts to determine HOW and WHY some things happen. • Independent variable (if) • Dependent variable (then) • Random assignment • Manipulation of groups • Experimental condition • Control condition

  13. Quasi experiment method • Resembling • Does not meet all the criteria of experiment. • Random assignment to groups

  14. Primary Research • Primary data is a type of information that is obtained directly from first-hand sources by means of surveys, observation, questionnaire or experimentation

  15. Secondary research • The use of publicly accessible information is known as secondary data analysis. • Sociologists may obtain statistical data for analysis from businesses, academic institutions, and governmental agencies, libraries etc.

  16. Basic Sociological Research Concepts • THEORY (previous) • HYPOTHESIS (if, then) • POPULATION • SAMPLE (RANDOM SAMPLING) • QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH (QUESTIONNAIRE) • QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (OBSERVATION, INTERVIEWS)

  17. STATISTIC • INFERENTIAL • DESCRIPTIVE • VALIDITY • RELIABILITY

  18. Avoiding Gender, Ethnic, and Cultural Biases • Gender (male, female) • Ethnic • Cultural (70 % of all world people lice inn non-westren cultures)

  19. Ethical Aspects of Research • Avoiding potential harm: Researcher should participate themselves in the study cause physical pain in experiment, before testing any participant. • Avoiding unnecessary deception: Debriefing

  20. Ensuring Privacy: • Ensuring the Ethical Treatment of Animals.

  21. THANK YOU

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