1 / 30

第四章 语句的翻译

第四章 语句的翻译. 第一节 英语定语从句和汉语定语的翻译 第二节 正说与反说的转换 第三节 因果关系的替换 第四节 长难句的翻译. 几种常见的翻译英语定语从句子的方法. 前置译法 分译法 融合法 译为状语从句. 前置译法定义 :将较短的定语从句译成汉语的定语词组或带“的”字结构。放在所修饰的中心词之前,从而使从句和主句合成一个句子。 前置译法主要用于一些结构简单,但对先行词限制较强的定语从句,既适用于翻译限制性定语从句,也适用于翻译非限制性定语从句。例如:.

nero
Download Presentation

第四章 语句的翻译

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. 第四章 语句的翻译

  2. 第一节 英语定语从句和汉语定语的翻译 第二节 正说与反说的转换 第三节 因果关系的替换 第四节 长难句的翻译

  3. 几种常见的翻译英语定语从句子的方法 • 前置译法 • 分译法 • 融合法 • 译为状语从句

  4. 前置译法定义:将较短的定语从句译成汉语的定语词组或带“的”字结构。放在所修饰的中心词之前,从而使从句和主句合成一个句子。前置译法定义:将较短的定语从句译成汉语的定语词组或带“的”字结构。放在所修饰的中心词之前,从而使从句和主句合成一个句子。 • 前置译法主要用于一些结构简单,但对先行词限制较强的定语从句,既适用于翻译限制性定语从句,也适用于翻译非限制性定语从句。例如:

  5. These boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained. 这些渴望踢足球的孩子们因下雨而感到失望。 Every mascot that has symbolized the Olympics is linked to the city and the country hosting the Games. 每个象征奥林匹克运动会的吉祥物都和奥运会举办城市和国家有联系。 Of the working Americans over 18 years of age who were polled, 51 per cent of those who agreed with the statement “I have a best friend at work” were engaged, against 10 per cent of those who disagreed. 在被调查的18岁以上的美国员工中,认同“干活时我有个最好的朋友”这一说法的人中有51% 对工作很投入,而不认同的人中只有10%的人如此。

  6. 分译法:将定语从句与先行词分开,把定语从句译成和主句并列的一个分句。分译法:将定语从句与先行词分开,把定语从句译成和主句并列的一个分句。 当定语从句结构复杂,或其只对先行词进行描写,叙述或解释,而不加限制时,如将其译成汉语的前置定语,则不符合汉语的表达习惯。此时,可采用分译法。分译法既适应于翻译限制性定语从句,也适用于翻译非限制性定语从句,尤其是后者。

  7. 分译法的三种情况 1.译成并列分句,重复先行词的含义。 • This is the hill we are going to walk, which is called Keem Hill. 这就是我们要爬的山,它叫基姆山。 • After the riot, fifty people were taken to the hospital, many of whom had been innocent bystanders. 暴乱后有50多人被送进了医院,其中许多人是无辜的旁观者。

  8. 2.译成并列分句,省略先行词的含义。 A fuel is a material that will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一种物质,在适当的温度下能够燃烧并释放出热量。 Most of Miller’s plays are American tragedies which involve a criticism of the standards of American society. 米勒的大部分作品反映了美国的悲剧,批评了美国社会的标准。 In the 18th century, the disease of diphtheria reached the American colonies where it reached epidemic proportion about 1735. 18世纪,白喉病传入美洲殖民地,并于大约1735年达到爆发程度。

  9. 3.译为独立分句 American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson, who believed that only a nation of educated people could remain free. 托马斯·杰斐逊对美国的教育事业做出了巨大贡献。他认为只有受过教育的人民组成的国家才能保持自由。 Daimler Chrysler, owners of Mercedes, as well as Fiat, which will own the patent of the awake system, which could be installed in cars as soon as next year. 这种唤醒系统的专利为梅塞德斯品牌车和菲亚特品牌车的业主戴姆勒-克莱斯勒公司所拥有。最快明年,车内配置该系统。

  10. (三)融合法 即把定语从句和主句的主语或先行词融合起来译成一个独立的句子。由于限制性定语从句与主句的关系紧密,因此,融合法一般更适合于翻译限制性定语从句,尤其是带定语从句的“there be “结构。如: The oil tanker carries crude oil to a refinery, where the oil is processed. 油轮将原油运到炼油厂加工。 There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized. 某些金属既能导电,又能被磁化。 There have been good results in the experiment that have given him great encouragement. 实验中的良好结果给了他莫大的鼓舞。

  11. (四)译为状语从句 定语从句的功能是对先行词进行修饰或限制。但英语中有些定语从句对先行词的限制作用很弱,它们形式上是充当定语从句,意义上却超越了定语的范畴,进入状语从句的范畴,起着表示原因、时间、结果、条件、目的、假设和让步等关系。因此,翻译时,应仔细分析定语从句和主句的逻辑关系,可根据情况将定语从句转译成相应的状语从句。

  12. 1. 译为原因状语从句 I could not recognize her who had changed so much in the past ten years. 我几乎认不出她了,因为在过去十年中,她变得太多了。 2.译为时间状语从句 I met your mother who was doing shopping in the supermarket. 你母亲在超市买东西时,我遇见了她。 3.译为结果状语从句 Scientists have developed a second generation of the blood substitute that solves the problem of blood storage. 科学家们已经成功地研究出了第二代血液代用品,从而解决了血液的储存问题。

  13. 4.译为条件状语从句 Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished severely. 任何人如果违反了规定都要受到严厉的惩罚。 5.译为目的状语从句 Each tour will be escorted by English speaking interpreters who will help you to obtain information and interest from what you are seeing. 每次游览都有英语翻译陪同,以帮助来宾了解参观点的情况。 6.译为让步状语从句 The armed rebellion, which looked very serious at first, was soon put down by the government. 尽管武装暴乱开始时显得很严重,但很快就被政府平定下来了。

  14. (五)特种定语从句的翻译法 1. as 引导的特种定语从句的翻译法 由as 引导的特种定语从句近似于插入语或状语,通常指整个主句的内容或主句的部分内容。翻译时,可将主句和从句分译,将“as”译为“这”、“如”、:“象”、“正如”等词。 More American troops are being sent to the Middle East, as I have learnt from the newspaper. 正如我从报纸上所知道的那样,更多的美国部队正在派往中东。 As is the Chinese cook’s custom, my mother always made negative remarks about her own cooking. 我妈妈总是说她自己烧的菜不好,这是中国厨师的习惯。

  15. 2.Which 引导的特种定语从句的翻译法 Which 引导的特种定语从句前面都有逗号分开,通常是说明整个主句,用来对主句所叙述的事实或现象加以概括、补充说明或承上启下。翻译时,可将主句和从句分译,将“which”译为“这,那”、“从而、“因而、“这样”等词。 She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor. 她被授予一枚金质奖章,全家人都认为这是极大的荣耀。 He likes mountaineering, which is quite a fashionable exercise. 他喜欢登山,那是一项很时髦的运动。

  16. 第二节 正说与反说的转换 正说与反说的相互转换指肯定与否定的思维方式的相互转换,也叫正说反译或反说正译,即在保持原文意义的情况下,变换表达视角,将意思从正面表达改为反面表达,或将方面表达改为正面表达,以使译文符合目的语的表达习惯,增强表达效果。

  17. 反说正译 • Never did I hear the story without being moved to tears. 每当听到这个故事时,我都感动得热泪盈眶。 • Hardly a day passes without him getting scratched or bruised as he scrambles for a place on a bus. 他挤公共汽车,身上不是这里擦破,就是那里碰伤,几乎天天如此。 • You can find that sort of bird nowhere but in Australia. 只有在澳大利亚你才能找到那种鸟。 • All the articles are untouchable in the museum. 博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。

  18. 正说反译 英语中有一些句子和形式上看是肯定的,但由于这些句子中含有一些具有否定意义的词或词组,这些词或词组包括名词、动词或动词词组、形容词或形容词词组、介词或介词词组、副词、连词或其它一些固定词组。因此,汉译时,这些句子常常译为否定句。

  19. …and, after all, Mrs Long and her nieces must stand their chance, and therefore, as she will think it an act of kindness if you decline the office, I will take it on myself. ……话说到底,郎格太太和他的侄女儿一定不肯错过这个良机。 因此,要是你不愿意办这件事,我自己来办好了,反正她会觉得这是这是我们对她的一片好意。 Her husband hates to see her stony face. 她丈夫不愿意见到她那张毫无表情的脸。 The beauty of the scenery passes all power of description. 风景之美,非任何语言所能形容。 His absence for the class made the teacher very angry. 他没来上课,使得老师非常生气。

  20. 第三节 因果关系的替换 英汉语言由于各自语言结构的差异,其表达因果关系的方式也各有不同。英语表达因果关系的方式很多,可以是分词短语、独立结构、介词短语、形容词短语、不定式,状语从句。而汉语表达因果关系的方式主要通过因果复句来实现的。汉语的因果复句分为说明因果式和推论因果式。前者基本格式是“因为A,所以B”,前面的分句指出原因,后面分句说明结果;而后者的基本格式是“既然A,就B”,前面分句提出前提,后面分句推论出结果。

  21. 英译汉: 一.将英语的分词短语、独立结构、介词短语、不定式短语译为汉语的复句。 Not knowing the language, he didn’t know how to ask the way. (分词短语)他因为不懂语言,不知道怎样问路。

  22. 二、将英语的句子翻译为汉语的因果复句。 1.英语的原因状语从句可以根据汉语的习惯,直接译为汉语因果复句。将表原因的分句置于句首。在现代汉语中,由于受西方语言的影响,有时也将表原因的分句置于句末,此时,从句往往含有补充说明的作用。 Since the flight was cancelled , they had to stay there for one night. 因为航班被取消,他们只能在那儿住一晚。

  23. 2. 英语中某些定语从句从形式上看属于定语从句,但从逻辑意义上分析,他们却和主句构成了一层因果关系,这类定语从句也常常译为汉语的因果复句。 The little girl who was afraid of waking her father walked quietly out of the room. 因为担心吵醒父亲,小女孩悄悄地走出了房间。 I did not watch the movie, which I thought uninteresting. 我没看那部电影,因为我认为那部电影没意思。 The computer, which seems to play the role of a human brain, is often called an electronic brain. 由于电子计算机起着类似人脑的作用,所以常被称作电脑。

  24. 3. 英语的某些原因状语从句可以译为汉语中不用关联词但内含有因果关系的并列分句。 Since it’s getting dark, let’s stop and go home. 天黑了,我们停工回家吧。 Bob never cares for other people’s interests because he is extremely selfish. 鲍勃极端自私,他从不会关心别人的利益。 In winter, very few visitors travel in the north because it is extremely cold. 冬天,北方的天气相当寒冷,游客非常少。

  25. 第四节 长难句的翻译 英语长句主要采用以下几种方法: (一) 顺译法 有些英语长句所讲述的内容是按事件或动作发生的时间先后顺序或内在的逻辑关系排列的,与汉语的表达习惯基本一致。翻译时,一般可按原句的顺序译出。如: • I could see that he wanted to say something else, something that he had never said to me before, but then he just turned and walked away. 我看得出他还有其它的话要说,说些他以前从未对我说过的话,但他那时只是转过身走开了。

  26. (二)逆译法 英语中,有些句子的表达顺序与汉语的表达习惯不同,甚至相反,尤其是一些复合句,其主句一般放在句首,即重心在前,而汉语则一般按时间和逻辑顺序,将主要部分放在句尾,形成尾重心。对这些句子,翻译时宜采用逆序法,也就是从后向前译。 Does it really help society, or the victim, or the victim’s family, to put in jail a man, who drove a car while drunk, has injured or killed another person? 一个人醉后开车,撞伤或撞死了另一个人,就将这个人关进监狱,这样做对社会、受害者、或受害者的家庭是否真的有好处呢?

  27. (三)分译法 英语句子重形合,汉语句子重意合。英语句子长而复杂。汉语语段结构流散,语义层次分明,汉语中散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句或流水句较多,而长句较少。因此,英汉翻译时,我们往往需要根据意合的原则,改变原文的句子结构,化整为零,化繁为简,将原文译为并列的散句或分离的单句。分译法既适应于翻译单个的单词、短语,也适应于翻译简单句,还可以用来翻译长句或难句。如:

  28. The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible—about one in four. (单词分译) 大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力。这简直令人难以置信! The ancients tried unsucessfully to explain how a rainbow is formed. 古代人曾试图说明彩虹是怎样产生的,但没有成功。

  29. (四)综合法 英语: 将重点部分或概括部分放在句首,然后再分析叙述次要部分。 汉语:从小到大,按时间或逻辑顺序层层推进,最后得出结论,突出主题。 但实际翻译中,英语中有很多长句,需要根据具体情况,结合上下文,将前面几种方法结合使用,这就是综合法。使用综合法,可以灵活变通长句语序,使译文的句法通顺自然,更符合汉语的表达习惯和中国人的思维表达方式。如:

  30. ①People were afraid to leave their house, ②for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, ③they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else. 尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况,但人们不敢出门,因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。

More Related