The Architecture of P ‡ı in i’ s Grammar

1. The Architecture of P‡ıini’s Grammar Paul Kiparsky Stanford University

2. from meaningto sound explicit grammar describes spoken Sanskrit of P‡ıini’s time (ca. 500 B.C. ) P‡ıini’s Grammar

3. interpretation of Vedic texts correct recitation of Vedic texts Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar Goals:

4. speech production classification of sounds Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar ˜ik˘‡:

5. cerebrum palate teeth tongue root lips throat

6. mÂrdhan t‡lu danta jihv‡mÂla o˘Òha kaıÒha Phonetic categories

7. Phonetic categories stops fricatives sonorants retroflex palatal dental velar labial pharyngeal voicing aspiration pitch nasality

8. (pseudo-)derivations of Vedic words Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar Nirukta (Y‡ska):

9. Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar k„kaÒ‡˛ ki¸kÁt‡˛ the K„kaÒa tribe (is so called because it is said) `what have they done’ (Nirukta 6.32) ˜‡kh‡˛ ˜aknote˛ ˜‡kh‡`branch’ is from ˜aknoti`is able’ (ibid.)

10. Vedic sandhi rules convert words to connected text Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar Pr‡ti˜‡khyas:

11. adyá upa-°tya ady¢pÇtya `After coming today’

12. A˘Ò‡dhy‡y„: 4000 rules ¯ivasÂtras: phonological inventory Dh‡tup‡Òha: organized list of 2000 roots Gaıap‡Òha: list of 261 lists of exceptions P‡ıini’s Grammar

13. from meaningto sound four levels of representation P‡ıini’s Grammar

14. 1. SemanticRepresentation

15. 1. SemanticRepresentation Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles) 2. Morphosyntactic Representation

16. 1. SemanticRepresentation Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles) 2. Morphosyntactic Representation Morphological spellout rules 3. Morphological Representation

17. 1. SemanticRepresentation Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles) 2. Morphosyntactic Representation Morphological spellout rules 3. Morphological Representation Allomorphy and phonology 4. Phonological output form

18. 1. SemanticRepresentation Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles) 2. Morphosyntactic Representation Morphological spellout rules 3. Morphological Representation Allomorphy and phonology van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci

19. 1. SemanticRepresentation Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles) 2. Morphosyntactic Representation Morphological spellout rules 3. Morphological Representation Allomorphy and phonology van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci `When‚˜vapata came from the forest to the village today, he cooked some rice.’

20. 1. SemanticRepresentation Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles) 2. Morphosyntactic Representation Morphologicalspellout rules vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�iupa-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sU á˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta Allomorphy and phonology van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci

21. upa-i•-Ktv‡ ady¢pÇtya `After coming today’

22. 1. SemanticRepresentation Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles) Morphologicalspellout rules vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�iupa-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sU á˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta Allomorphy and phonology van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci • Morphosyntactic representation of the subordinate clause: • upa-i• `approach, reach’ (absolutive) • á˜va-páti-aˆ `descendant of A˜vapati’: agent (kartÁ) • vána `forest’: source (ap‡d‡na) • grµma `village’: goal (karman)) • adyá `today’: temporal location (adhikaraıa, k‡le)

23. 1. SemanticRepresentation Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles) Morphologicalspellout rules vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�iupa-‡-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sU á˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta Allomorphy and phonology van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci • Morphosyntactic representation of the main clause: • ÙUpacA˙-lu� `cook’: aorist tense • odaná `rice’ : goal (karman) • á˜va-páti-aˆ `descendant of A˜vapati’: agent (kartÁ)

24. Morphologicalspellout rules vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�iupa-‡-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sU á˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta Allomorphy and phonology van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci Semantic representation • á˜va-páti-aˆis the independent participant • odaná `rice’ is the primary target of the cooking event • grµma `village’ is the primary target of the going event • vána `forest’ is the fixed point with respect to a separation • adyá `today’ is the temporal locus of the event • the cooking occurred previously on the present day • the coming event preceded the cooking event Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles) MorphosyntacticRepresentation

25. phonetic categories meaning categories They are presupposed by the grammar. Not defined in the grammar:

26. defines thematic roles, which provide basis of syntactic argument structure Lexical semantics

27. dhanur vidhyati / dhanu˘‡ vidhyati `the arrow pierces' / `he pierces with an arrow' sth‡l„ pacati / sth‡ly‡m pacati `the pot cooks' / `he cooks in a pot' The sentences have different meanings, but they are compatible with the same situation. Meaning vs. ontology: `speaker's intention'

30. the derivation starts from meaning and builds up a complete interpreted sentence Directionality

31. the mapping between levels may depend on information from earlier levels Directionality

32. the mapping between levels may depend on information from earlier levels but not on information from later ones. Directionality

33. 1. SemanticRepresentation semantic or morphosyntactic conditions 2. Morphosyntactic Representation 3. Morphological Representation 4. Phonological output form

34. 1. SemanticRepresentation levels 3 and 4 play no role here 2. Morphosyntactic Representation 3. Morphological Representation 4. Phonological output form

35. 1. SemanticRepresentation 2. Morphosyntactic Representation morphosyntactic, morphological, or semantic conditions 3. Morphological Representation 4. Phonological output form

36. 1. SemanticRepresentation 2. Morphosyntactic Representation level 4 plays no role here 3. Morphological Representation 4. Phonological output form

37. 1. SemanticRepresentation 2. Morphosyntactic Representation 3. Morphological Representation semantic, morphosyntactic, morphological, and phonological conditions 4. Phonological output form

38. 6.2.48 pratyabhiv‡de `˜Âdre `In a response to a respectful greeting, except to a ¯Âdra [member of the fourth caste], [the last vowel is high-pitched and extra-long] bho µyu˘m‡n edhi devadattµ3 `may you live long, Devadatta' • Phonology can be sensitive to meaning

39. N-Instr + N  N+N áhihata˛ `killed by a snake’ (Agent) rathay‡tá˛`traveled by cart’ (Instrument)

40. 6.2.48 tÁt„y‡ karmaıi `If the initial member of a compound has a [deleted] instrumental case, it keeps its original accent when the second member is a past participle that denotes a karmaı (i.e. a passive)’ a. áhihata˛ áhi-Ú‡- han-Ktá-sU snake-Instr kill-PP-Nom `killed by a snake’ b. rathay‡tᲠrátha-Ú‡-y‡-Ktá-sU cart-Instr- go-PP-Nom `traveled by cart’ • Phonology can be sensitive to morphosyntax

41. morphology and phonology allow destructive (non-monotonic) operations, e.g. deletion and replacement Directionality

42. morphology and phonology allow destructive (non-monotonic) operations, e.g. deletion and replacement the others do not Directionality

43. The higher the level, the less the computation needs to know. The phonology needs information about all levels. Therefore, top-to-bottom processing of rules is most economical. Directionality in processing

44. The design ofthe grammar is directional. Its use by the speech community was bidirectional. Use vs. design of the grammar

45. The design of P‡ıini's grammar is determined by the linguistic givens and the principle of simplicity only. Directionality

46. Rules Format: AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D

47. Phonology

48. a-lav-is-dhvam alavidhvam `you cut for yourselves' 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `before dh, s is deleted’ AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D lopa = `null'

49. a-lav-is-dhvam alavidhvam `you cut for yourselves' 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `before dh, s is deleted’ AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D lopa = `null'

50. a-bhid-s-ta  abhitta `he split' 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `between obstruents, s is deleted’