Cognition: Memory

Cognition: Memory

The Phenomenon of Memory

Introduction • Memory • Extremes of memory

48 • 58 • 29 • 42 • 56 • 88 • 39 • 69 • 49 • 55 Introduction • 39 • 87 • 43 • 02 • 98 • 63 • 41 • 80 • 62 • 54 • Task #1 – Random Number Lists • Trial #1 – (Hear) • Trial #2 – (Hear & See) • Trial #3 – (Hear, See, & Say) • Trial #4 – (Hear, See, Say, & Write) • 88 • 92 • 54 • 67 • 03 • 19 • 99 • 60 • 50 • 52 • Trial #5 – (Odd or Even) • Trial #6 – (Numerical Order) • Trial #7 – (Personal Connection)

Introduction • Task #1 – Random Number Lists • Trial #1 - 84, 77, 99, 32, 60, 75, 78, 96, 42, 23 • Trial #2 - 88, 92, 54, 67, 03, 19, 99, 60, 50, 52 • Trial #3 - 48, 58, 29, 42, 56, 88, 39, 69, 49, 55 • Trial #4 - 39, 87, 43, 02, 98, 63, 41, 80, 62, 54 • Trial #5 - 71, 91, 58, 57, 32, 33, 85, 01, 26, 80 • Trial #6 - 17, 77, 24, 58, 81, 59, 54, 42, 78, 71 • Trial #7 - 15, 84, 05, 16, 08, 31, 64, 65, 07, 38

Introduction • Task #2 – Names • Name the Seven Dwarves • Difficulty? • TOT Phenomenon? • Organization (Sound? Letter? Meaning?) • Recall vs. Recognition? • Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Teach, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Doc, Rocky, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Wheezy, Stubby • Task #2 – Names • Name the Seven Dwarves • Difficulty? • TOT Phenomenon? • Organization (Sound? Letter? Meaning?) • Recall vs. Recognition? • Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Teach, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Doc, Rocky, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Wheezy, Stubby

Introduction • Task #3 – Critical Thinking • No Memory • With no memory, how would you answer the question: How are you today? • With no memory, how would you answer the question: Who are you? How would your identity be affected? • Spotless Mind • Would you “erase” any of your memories? If so, how would that change you? If not, why not? • Would there be the benefit of erasing the horrible memories that Holocaust survivors have: to those individuals? To society as a whole?

Information Processing

IntroductionAtkinson-Shiffrin Three-Stage Model • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval

Introduction • Connectionism • Sensory memory • Short-term memory • Long-term memory • Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory • Information directly into long-term memory • Working memory

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode Mr. Rockwell’s 3rd grade Poem (Don’t laugh) Spring is the The most beautiful Time of the year. • Automatic processing • Space • Time • Frequency • Well-learned information .seippupdnasrewolfsevolkcoR .rM !tuosihterugifotgniyrt era uoysaynnufskoolecafruoY

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode • Effortful Processing • Rehearsal • Conscious repetition • List the Gifts from: • “The 12 Days of Christmas”

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode • Ebbinghaus curve

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode • Overlearning • Additional rehearsal after learning = increased retention • Spacing effect • Massed practice vs, Distributed practice • Testing effect • Implications for your own learning??

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode • Serial position effect • Recency effect • Primacy effect

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode • List as many US Presidents as you can

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode • Levels of Processing • Visual encoding • Acoustic encoding • Exercise 7A-4 • Semantic encoding • Self-reference effect

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode • Visual Encoding • Imagery • Rosy retrospection • Mnemonics • Peg-word system • Method of loci • 1st Letter • Substitution

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode • Mnemonics

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode • Organizing Information for Encoding • Chunking • acronym

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode • Organizing Information for Encoding • Hierarchies

Storage: Retaining InformationIntroduction • The Mind Series – Clive Wearing

Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory

Storage: Retaining InformationSensory Memory • Iconic memory • Sperling’s memory experiment – • played one of three tones (each tone corresponding with a row of letters). Then he flashed the letters for less than a second and the subjects were able to identify the letters for the corresponding row. • Echoic memory

Storage and Short-Term Memory • Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds. • We recall digits better than letters.

Storage: Retaining InformationWorking/Short-Term Memory • Magic number Seven • Plus or minus 2 • The list of magic sevens • Seven wonders of world, Seven seas, Seven deadly sins • Seven primary colors, Seven musical scale notes • Seven days of the week • Bottom Line = • At any moment, we can only consciously process a limited amount of information

Storage: Retaining InformationLong-Term Memory • Unlimited nature of long-term memory

Storage: Retaining InformationStoring Memories in the Brain • Emotions and memories • Strong Emotions = Stronger Memories • Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in LTM. • Flashbulb memory

Storage: Retaining InformationStoring Memories in the Brain

Retrieval: Getting Information Out • Recall • Recognition • Relearning

Retrieval: Getting Information OutRetrieval Cues • Retrieval cues • Mnemonic devices • Priming

Priming

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects • Context effects • Déjà vu

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

Cognition: Memory