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Social Media in Natural and Man-Made Disasters

Social Media in Natural and Man-Made Disasters. {. Adam Worrall Tom Masters Azhar Ali Khan ISM 5046 Spring 2011. Social Media use by the Government in Emergency Management Institutional Emergency Management and Social Media Social Media and “man-made” revolutions. Agenda.

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Social Media in Natural and Man-Made Disasters

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  1. Social Media in Natural and Man-Made Disasters { Adam Worrall Tom Masters Azhar Ali Khan ISM 5046 Spring 2011

  2. Social Media use by the Government in Emergency Management • Institutional Emergency Management and Social Media • Social Media and “man-made” revolutions Agenda

  3. “Not part of most organizations’ emergency plans” (Prentice & Huffman, 2008, p. 1) • Red Cross survey of adults • 18% turn to social media after calling 911 • 74% expect requests for help via social media to be answered within an hour • Failures in communication, info sharing (Yasin, 2010) • Agencies and organizations must leverage social media for EM Social media and emergency management (EM)

  4. US government response • Wikis, Web 2.0-style collaboration tools • Information portal to support relief • Comprehensive, common, neutral platform • Unwieldy over time • Open • Interconnected and collaborative “Never before experienced” (Bedford & Faust, 2010) Haitian earthquake

  5. San Diego wildfires • Blogs, Google Maps mashups • City of San Francisco, CA • Alerts via Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, SMS • Cooperation with other cities • City of Manor, TX • Location-specific alerts • Two-way information sharing • Twitter Earthquake Detector (USGS) • State of Virginia and Austin, TX • Situational awareness for EM via social media Other examples (Jackson, 2008; Prentice & Huffman, 2008; Yasin, 2010)

  6. Key word: emergent • The New Haiti Project (Le Project Nouvelle Haiti, 2011) • Grass-roots social network and information portal • San Diego wildfires • Twitter, Facebook, Flickr, Google Maps mashups • Earthquakes and floods in China • Forums, Twitter-like tools Use by the general public (Bedford & Faust, 2010; Jackson, 2008)

  7. Facilitate sharing and translation of knowledge • Broad access • Contextual cues for understanding • Conversational, discussion-based style • Greater credibility • Limit restrictions, maintain strengths of “old media” • Near real-time, two-way medium “Social networking sites … might be the answer [to getting the] big picture” (Jackson, 2008) Benefits (Bedford & Faust, 2010; Prentice and Huffman, 2008)

  8. Guidelines to guide use during emergencies • One central individual who monitors social media • Incident blog for information distribution • Share information and knowledge via multiple media • Leverage existing Web 2.0 services and social media tools • Employ RSS and syndication for alerts to new content Strategies (Prentice & Huffman, 2008)

  9. Need to retain information, knowledge afterwards • Knowledge management • Move beyond microblogging • Do not add complexity • Trust, verification, reciprocity • Group or agency may need tostep up Challenges (Bedford & Faust, 2010)

  10. Social Media and Emergency Management in Controlled Settings • Public Schools and Higher Education Institutions are Experiencing Higher Crime Rates/Increased Threats • Unique Challenges and Advantages to Implementing Social Media for Emergency Response Social Media and Institutional Emergency Management (EM)

  11. Access to social media outlets and ICTs high amongst institutional population. • Facebook, Twitter, Skype, Apps, Software • Social Media Applications in Campus Recovery (Next Slide) Infrastructure in Institutions

  12. Social Media Applications in Recovery

  13. Best Practice and Improving Framework • Standards for Effective Systems • Timeliness and Maintenance • The Clery Act and ICS Notification Systems

  14. Successes and Failures • Virginia Tech Shooting • Lack of Notification • Florida State University • FSU ALERT • Issues • Measuring Success • Cost • Downtime • Stakeholder Verification • Etc. Examples and Issues

  15. Infrastructure is there • Varies by Institution • Social Media as Part of Whole Use in Institutions

  16. Does social media cause revolutions? • Focus on social media as the cause • The Middle East is experiencing a number of revolutions • They are being named as Twitter Revolutions • Diverse opinion as to role of social media in the “man-made disasters” and revolutions Social Revolutions

  17. Strong Ties versus Weak Ties • Communication Medium in revolutions • Pamphlets • Faxes • Social Media • Expert Opinion • Zakaria • Gopnik • Gladwell Social Interaction

  18. Facebook’s role in Egypt and Tunisia • Vertical Threshold • Horizontal Expansion • Compounding Effect • Twitter’s role in Iran • Blogging in China • Vital for Communication? • US Government’s Role • Apps • Twitter Social Media Strengths

  19. Social Media “Impotence” • Tragedy in Libya • Disaster in Japan • Comparison with Iran and Poland • Is real journalism still relevant? • The role of Aljazeera Where was Social Media?

  20. Social Media is at best a tool and not a cause • Increased multi-nodal communication • Effective Use by grassroots organizations • They must be part of an integrated strategy • It is an effective catalyst that does not sustain change Social Media – Final Word

  21. Bedford, D., & Faust, L. (2010). Role of online communities in recent responses to disasters: Tsunami, China, Katrina, and Haiti. In Marshall, C., & Toms, E. (Eds.), Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (vol. 47). Panel presented at the annual meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Pittsburgh, PA, October 23-27, 2010. Retrieved from https://www.asis.org/asist2010/proceedings/proceedings/ASIST_AM10/submissions/207_Final_Submission.pdf • Intellipedia. (2011). In Wikipedia: The free encyclopedia. Retrieved March 30, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellipedia • Jackson, B. (2008, June 21). Web 2.0 meets emergency needs. PCWorld. Retrieved from http://www.pcworld.com/article/147385/web_20_meets_emergency_needs.html • New Haiti Project, The. (2011). Le Project Nouvelle Haiti: Haiti utilise le Web 2.0 pour se reconstruire. Retrieved from http://newhaitiproject.ning.com/ • Prentice, S., & Huffman, E. (2008). Social media’s new role in emergency management: Emergency management and robotics for hazardous environments (Report No. INL/CON-07-13552). Idaho Falls, ID: Idaho National Laboratory. Retrieved from http://www.inl.gov/technicalpublications/Documents/3931947.pdf • Vogel, S. (2009). For intelligence officers, a wiki way to connect dots. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/26/AR2009082603606.html • Yasin, R. (2010, September 2). 5 ways to use social media for better emergency response. GCN: Government Computer News: The online authority for government IT professionals. Retrieved from http://gcn.com/articles/2010/09/06/social-media-emergency-management.aspx References Social Media use by the Government in Emergency Management

  22. http://tinyurl.com/4dgdymn. This article highlights findings from a student survey conducted a Ball State University by Michael Hanley, by an Associate Professor of Journalism who leads Ball State's mobile communications research program. • Jones, Steve. Pew Internet and American Life, The Internet Goes to College: How students are living in the Future with Today’s Technology. September, 2002. (http://eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED472669.pdf) • EDUCASE - http://social-media-optimization.com/2008/09/college-students-use-of-social-networks/ • CNN - http://articles.cnn.com/2011-03-29/justice/virginia.tech.fine_1_shooting-rampage-clery-act-west-ambler-johnston?_s=PM:CRIME • FSU ALERT - http://www.safety.fsu.edu/emergencymanagement/fsualert.html • http://www.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/03/29/virginia.tech.fine/index.html?hpt=T2 • http://www.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/03/29/texas.bullying.suit/index.html?hpt=T2 • http://ec.creol.ucf.edu/Report%20of%20demo_07-27-07.pdf • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55Ai5tAUAa0 References Institutional Emergency Management and Social Media

  23. http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20110321/ARTICLE/110329911/-1/sports?p=1&tc=pghttp://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20110321/ARTICLE/110329911/-1/sports?p=1&tc=pg • http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwell • http://www.levantinecenter.org/levantine-review/exactly-what-role-did-social-media-play-egypts-revolution • http://gizmodo.com/#!5786320/chinese-blogger-arrested-amid-online-revolutionary-suppression • http://johnkingusa.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/15/the-role-of-social-media-in-revolutions/ • http://lithosphere.lithium.com/t5/Building-Community-the-Platform/From-Weak-Ties-to-Strong-Ties-Community-vs-Social-Networks-3/ba-p/6834 • http://rss.cnn.com/services/podcasting/fareedzakaria/rss.xml • http://www.levantinecenter.org/levantine-raeview/exactly-what-role-did-social-media-play-egypts-revolution • http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/25/us-rights-usa-technology-idUSTRE72O6DH20110325 • http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/03/social-medias-impotence-during-the-turmoil-in-libya-and-japan/72835/ • http://techcrunch.com/2011/02/13/al-jazeeras-social-revolution-in-realtime/ • Mileti, Dennis S. 2008. Public warnings that foster protective actions. Paper read at 2008 EMI All-Hazards Higher Education Conference, June 2-5, 2008, at Emmitsburg, MD. http://www.training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/docs/Hartle%20-%20Applications%20of%20Theory-Public%20Warnings%20Experienced%20While%20Returning.doc References Social Media and “man-made” revolutions

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