Industrialization

1. Industrialization Unit One

2. Focus What are all the ways that individuals can transport goods and services today? Example: Shipping by Plane

3. Technological Advances • Railroads • Modern rail transport first appeared in England in the 1820’s. • They were powered by steam and were the major mode of land transportation for the next 100 years across the world. • In 1830 there were only 23 miles of rail in the United States • By 1840 there were 2,818 miles of rail in the U.S.

5. By 1860 there were 30,000 miles of rail and by 1880 there were 90,000 miles. • In 1869 the first trans-continental railroad was completed. It linked the West Coast of the US to the rest of the country. • The two rails met at Promontory Point Utah • The Central Pacific Rail and the Union Pacific Rail worked for six years to erase the gap between Omaha NE and Sacramento CA

7. Prior to rail power, canals were built in the Northeastern US, but steam technology allowed railroads to be built in areas were canals could not. • Railways led to other rail technology such as electric streetcars, subways and commuter trains. • Railroads led to the creation of time zones in 1883

9. World Time Zones

10. Discussion Questions Why do you believe that the need for railroads grew so rapidly? What factors led to the growth of the railroad? What has replaced the need for the railroad today?

11. Focus Question • What is the most valuable natural resource to a civilization?

12. Steel • Modern steelmaking was perfected by Henry Bessemer in 1858 who was able to produce large quantities of steel cheaper • Prior to steel, wrought iron was mostly used in construction. • The cheap cost and availability of steel allowed for cheaper construction and growth of cities

13. Use of Natural Resources: • Steam used to drill for oil. • Originally, oil was used to create kerosene • Kerosene was originally used for heating coal, but eventually could be burned for illumination (to provide light). • After the perfection of electricity, gasoline (from oil) was the dominant design in combustion engines

14. Discussion Questions • If the Bessemer process had not been able to produce cheap steel; what resources would have become key to the future of the US? • In what two areas has steel been very important to the growth of the United States?

15. Focus • Name three non-political leaders in the US and world today and tell whether you think they are good or bad for society.

16. Industrial Leaders • Andrew Carnegie: • The central figure in the growth of the steel industry • His great innovation was the creation of cheap steel for railways • Made Pittsburg the center of the steel industry • He bought out many of his competitors to monopolize the industry. • Sold his operations to J.P. Morgan in 1901

17. After Carnegie retired from the Steel industry he devoted his life to philanthropy • Donating goods, time or effort to charity • He promoted the spread of the English language and donated libraries • He donated large amounts to education

18. Rockefeller: • Founded Standard Oil in 1870 and built it into the largest oil company and monopolized the industry. • He is widely regarded as the richest man in history • He bought out many of his competitors and controlled the means of production. • Critics complained that Rockefeller had unfair advantages because he could ship his refined oil for less on the railroad

19. JP Morgan: • He dominated the banking industry and consolidated many industries. • He created companies like General Electric and US Steel by buying up smaller companies and using their resources to form large corporations • At one pint the US government came to Morgan for a loan. He did not agree to it. • At the height of his success, Morgan controlled 1.3 billion in industries

20. Jay Gould: • Became a leading railroad developer • Declared bankruptcy many times to avoid paying penalties for stock manipulation • Bankrupted the Erie Railroad to protect his personal fortune

21. Robber Barons: • Many industrial leaders were known as robber barons because they dominated huge their industries, amassed huge fortunes typically through the use of unfair business practices. • Social Darwinism: Companies use fair and unfair practices to take control of an industry. Survival of the Fittest. • Laissez Faire: The belief that government and business should not interfere with other. • “hands off”

22. Discussion Questions • How were the industrial leaders helped by the Laissez Faire policies of that time period? • How did the Industrial Leaders practice Social Darwinism?

23. Focus Why does it cost more to travel or ship items to farther distances than closer distances?

24. Government Decisions • Interstate Commerce Act: • It was written to regulate railroads to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and all other aspects of carriers • Farmers believed they were being unfairly priced high rates by railroad shipping.

25. Sherman Anti-Trust Act: • What is a Trust: In the 1800’s Trusts were formed to where one party entrusts their property to a second party. The property is then used to benefit the first party. • In the 1800’s companies sent their stock to a board of trustees. The trusts then issued trust certificates to the companies stockholders. They ran entire industries like one big company, so instead of competing companies they all charged the same amount.

26. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was written to destroy trusts that killed competition in any industry. • It opposed monopolies and the artificial driving up of prices.

27. Discussion Questions • What industries today operate like the trusts of the Industrial Age? • What policy that we already discussed in our notes would laws like the Interstate Commerce Act go against?

28. Focus • What is your nationality or nationalities? • How many different nationalities are represented in the US? Why so many?

29. New Immigrants • The US became known as ‘the melting pot’ for its mix of several nationalities within its culture and borders • Between 1850 and 1930 – 5 million Germans, 4.5 million Irish, and 3 million British immigrated to the US • Many of the Irish were Catholic and were not welcomed when they reached the US. • They were thought to oppose American values and fear made some try to curb immigration.

31. The 1910’s was the highpoint of Italian immigration, however about 1/3rd of the Italians returned to Italy after an average of 5 years in the US • In the late 1880’s New Immigration was used to describe the influx of immigrants from eastern Europe. • Many questioned whether if the US was a still truly a ‘melting pot’ if it had just become a ‘dumping ground’

32. ‘Old Immigration’ was a term used at the time to describe immigration from Western Europe. • Because they were mainly from Britain, Ireland and Germany and were mainly protestants , they were quickly assimilated into American society. • ‘New Immigrants’ were mainly Jewish or Catholic, spoke different languages than most Americans and did not assimilate into America as easily.

33. Discussion Questions • Why were groups like the British and Germans more welcomed in the US, and other groups like those from eastern Europe not as welcomed or wanted?

34. Focus 1. Why would the United States government not allow some immigrants after coming to the US.

35. Immigrants to the US from Europe arrived at Ellis Island, New York to be processed. • It was opened in 1892 and 12 million immigrants were inspected there by the US Bureau of Immigration. • 1907 was the peak year for immigration in the US, when over a million immigrants arrived through Ellis Island. • Those with visible health problems or disease were sent home or held in hospitals for long periods of time.

36. 1880-1920

37. Ellis Island

38. About 2 percent of those who attempted to immigrate were sent back for reasons such as chronic contagious diseases, criminal backgrounds, or insanity. • Ellis Island was sometimes known as “Heartbreak Island” or “The Island of Tears” because of the 2% not admitted after their trans-Atlantic voyage.

39. The Immigration Act of 1924 reduced immigration and allowed processing at overseas embassy's. • In 1882 the US passed the Chinese Exclusion Act that suspended immigration by the Chinese to the US for 60 years. • From 1910 to 1940 Angel Island served as the Immigration Station on the west coast. • Approximately 1 million immigrants were processed at Angel Island.

40. Angel Island

41. Competing Views of the American Dream • Xenophobia: The fear of foreign people or culture. • Some in the US were xenophobes in that they feared the foreign cultures that were infiltrating society • Nativism: The favoring of the existing society rather than changing to a new society. • The United States experienced nativism through Ant-Catholic movements, Anti-German movements and Anti-Japanese movements

42. Discussion Questions • What problems might Nativism or Xenophobia create for new immigrants once they tried to start their lives in the US? • Why would the US send immigrants back? What would the US be like if they admitted everyone • Name two factors that encouraged industrial growth in America.