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Chapter 27

Chapter 27. WWII. Hitler’s Plan- Invade Russia for Lebensraum. How? Get friends: Italy, Spain, Japan Nullify the Versailles Treaty & pose as a man of peace Get weapons & ignore protests March, 1935: announces rearmament – no more trenches blitzkrieg! Create buffer from allies

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Chapter 27

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  1. Chapter 27 WWII

  2. Hitler’s Plan- Invade Russia for Lebensraum • How? • Get friends: Italy, Spain, Japan • Nullify the Versailles Treaty & pose as a man of peace • Get weapons & ignore protests • March, 1935: announces rearmament – no more trenches blitzkrieg! • Create buffer from allies • March 1936: Occupies Rhineland • Secure Southeastern Flanks • 1937: Anschluss, • September 1938: Sudetenland, October 1938: Bohemia & Moravia, March 1939: all of Czechoslovakia appeasement

  3. Hitler’s Plan leads to War… • Great Britain and France draw the line after Czechoslovakia – draw it around Poland • Look to the USSR for alliance • Nonaggression Pact: August, 1939 • Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Eastern Poland will go to USSR • September 1, 1939: Blitzkrieg! • Two weeks later, USSR invades in east

  4. Japan’s path to war • Population: 1870 (30 m)  1937 (80 m) • Global Depression led to lowered trade • Japan in desperate need of natural resources • September 1931: Manchuria (drops out of LON) • Chiang Kai-shek appeased Japan • Rape of Nanking • Originally hoped to ally with Germany, nonaggression pact pushed that back • Moved southeast…upsetting the US

  5. Sitzkrieg (phony War) April ’40 Denmark Norway May ’40 Netherlands Belgium Miracle Of Dunkirk June ‘40 Vichy France Henri Petain August – September 1940 Battle of Britain “the Blitz” June, 1941 Invasion of USsr Panzer Division

  6. USS Enterprise USS Lexington USS Saratoga December 7, 1941 • Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and Philippines • US declares war on the Tripartite Pact • By spring, 1942, western Pacific belonged to Japan • Dutch East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere – would free all western colonial areas

  7. Mobilization - USSR • The Great Patriotic War • Supercentralization- Stalin directed military and political affairs • As German army moved into USSR, factories were dismantled and shipped to interior • Created industrial revolution – “battle of machines” • 55% of income went to war machine – created food and housing shortages • Allowed women as combatants – “night witches” • Women and children harnessed to farm equipment

  8. The Great Arsenal • Manhattan project – employed 130,000 people • Centralization • War Production Board: allocated resources, managed production • War Labor Board: managed labor disputes • Office of Price Administration: controlled prices and rations

  9. Nazi Empire • Neutral countries: Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Turkey • Allies: Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland • Occupied countries • Absorbed into Germany • Ruled by German officials – racial makeup • Nazi New Order: plan for conquered areas, included extermination of Jews and other inferior races, exploitation of resources, colonization with slave labor from USSR, Ukraine, Poland

  10. New Nazi Order • Heinrich Himmler, leader of SS, in charge of resettlement plans in east • Evacuate Slavic peoples, replace with Germans • One million Poles relocated to Southern Poland • Seized raw materials to the extent of bare survival • 4 million Russian POWs used for heavy labor • 3 million died of neglect • 7 million workers from conquered countries • Industry, farm labor, military camps

  11. Resistance • Charles de Gaulle: “Free French” Movement, exiled in London • Josip “Tito” Broz: Yugoslavian organized 350,000 guerillas against German forces • White Rose Movement: students distributed pamphlets calling Nazis lawless, criminal, godless • Executed  • Colonel Count Claus von Stauffenberg: planted a bomb in Hitler’s headquarters • 5,000 people were executed 

  12. The Holocaust • 1939: promoted emigration of German Jews • Madagascar Plan: send Jews to Madagascar, but the war made it impractical • Final Solution: annihilation of the Jewish People • ReinhardHeydrich(1904-1942) – 1939 ordered Einsatzgruppen to round up Polish Jews and concentrate them in ghettos • 1941: Einsatzgruppen became mobile killing units, round up Jews in villages and execute and bury in mass graves • 1 million - seen as inadequate

  13. Wannsee conference, Jan 20, 1942Heydrich outlined Final Solution • Needed a systematic system • Death Camps: Jews would be packed onto freight trains (given priority of rails), sent to six extermination centers like Auschwitz-Birkenau • T-4 program: exterminated 80,000 mental and physical defectives in Germany 1938-1941 • Zyklon B (hydrogen cyanide) killed large numbers of people in gas chambers disguised as showers • Corpses brought to crematorium

  14. Turning Points • Allies: UK, US, USSR • defeat of Germany should be first priority • Ignore political differences • Unconditional surrender of Axis Powers • Summer 1942: Rommel stopped at El Alamein • February 1943: Germans surrender Stalingrad • June1942: Midway established US superiority Of the 91,000 German POWs Only 5,000 returned

  15. Ending the War • Onward into the “soft underbelly” of Europe: Italy • Italy surrenders, Mussolini escaped to be head of northern Italian puppet government • June 4, 1944: Rome falls after heavy casualties • June 6, 1944: D-Day • Five assault divisions make greatest amphibious landing • 150,000 troops ashore in one day • Within 3 months, 2 million men & ½ million vehicles • March 1945: Crossing the Rhine Operation Fortitude

  16. Ending the War • July 1943: Hitler ignores generals’ advice to build “East Wall” along river barriers, instead uses heavy tanks • Battle of Kursk – greatest battle of WWII • Germany lost 18 Panzer Divisions • Winter 43/44: Soviets reoccupied Ukraine, lifted siege of Leningrad, moved into Baltic states • January 1945: Soviets move into Warsaw • April 1945: Moves into Berlin • April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide • May 7, 1945: VE Day • August 6 & 9: Hiroshima & Nagasaki

  17. Hiroshima –August 6, 1945 • ENOLA GAY – American B-29 dropped “Little Boy” • 80,000 people died immediately • 35,000 injured • 2/3 of the citiy’s 90,000 buildings destroyed • Japan’s leaders took no action to end the war

  18. Nagasaki –August 9, 1945 • “Fat Boy” • 40,000 dead • Emperor Hirohito favored surrender • Military leaders resisted • VJ DAY- August 15

  19. Allied Conferences • Tehran, November 1943: Big Three • Soviets would free Eastern Europe • Yalta, February 1945: Big Three Again • United Nations, to meet in April 45 • USSR would help in Japan • Divide Germany • Free elections in Poland • Potsdam: July 1945: Truman replaces FDR • Truman tried to push for Polish elections

  20. Costs of War • 21,000,000 soldiers died • 40,000,000 civilian deaths • 100,000,000 depended on relief • 30,000,000 displaced persons

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