Intelligence Unit 11

1. IntelligenceUnit 11

2. Fact or Falsehood • People with higher IQs have longer life spans. 2. Exceptionally creative architects, mathematicians, scientists, and engineers usually score no higher on intelligence tests than do their less creative peers. 3. Highly educated people die with more synapses than their less-educated peers.” 4. There is a slight positive correlation between brain size and intelligence score. 5. The concern with individual differences in intelligence is strictly a twentieth century American phenomenon.

3. 6. Today’s Americans score higher on IQ tests than Americans did in the 1930s. 7. How quickly 2- to 7-month-old babies become bored with a picture is one indicator of later intelligence. 8. Among the mentally retarded, males outnumber females by 50 percent. 9. As adopted children grow older, their intelligence scores become more similar to those of their biological parents than to those of their adoptive parents. 10. Aptitude score is a much better predictor of the college performance of whites than it is of blacks.

4. Intelligence is deemed very important • Gets you in better classes • College applications • Higher paying jobs • Sensitive issue

5. The Debate • Do we have an inborn general mental capacity (intelligence)? • If so, can we quantify this capacity as a meaningful number?

6. What do you think… Intelligent Unintelligent

7. So how would you define it??

8. Is this intelligent?

9. What is Intelligence? • Intelligence (in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations. • In research studies, intelligence is whatever the intelligence test measures. • This tends to be “school smarts.”

10. 9 interesting facts about intelligence

11. Intelligence TheoriesMake an organizer that looks like this: • Spearman • Gardner • Thurstone • Sternberg

12. How do you measure intelligence? • Is it a single ability or is it several?

13. Is being athletic one quality?

14. General Intelligence • Factor Analysis – a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test • Charles Spearman – Came up with the idea that a general intelligence (g) exists Athleticism, like intelligence, is many things

15. General Intelligence • L. L. Thurstone – opposed Spearman • He thought there were more primary mental abilities • What do you think he added? *However – when people did well on one category in his test, they tended to do well on the others. What is this an example of? • Word Fluency • Verbal Comprehension • Spatial Ability • Perceptual Speed • Numerical Ability • Inductive Reasoning • Memory

16. Robert Sternberg • Sternberg also agrees with multiple, but suggests three intelligences rather than seven.  (Triarchic theory) • Analytical Intelligence: Intelligence that is assessed by intelligence tests. • Creative Intelligence: Intelligence that makes us adapt to novel situations, generating novel ideas. • Practical Intelligence: Intelligence that is required for everyday tasks (e.g. street smarts).

17. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences • Howard Gardner proposes eight types of intelligences • Can you guess? • What do you think…. • Athletics? • Interpersonal?? • Music?

18. Support for Gardner • For example: brain damage may diminish one type of ability but not others. • Savant syndrome – a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

19. Examples • Rain Man: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvyJ93k_AH8 • Kim Peek: The Real Rain Man: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2T45r5G3kA

20. Another Savant • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8YXZTlwTAU • Flies over Rome for 20 minutes and then memorizes it

21. Emotional Intelligence • Have any of you heard this before? • New buzz word in the business world • Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions • Business Case for Emotional Intelligence

22. Emotional Intelligence: Components

23. True or False Intelligence and the Brain

24. True or False • 1. The larger your brain is, the smarter you are. • 2. Being in school longer allows you to grow more synapses, which makes you smarter. • 3. The left side of your brain processes spatial input, the right side processes mathematical input. • 4. More intelligent people tend to process information quicker. • 5. Just because you can’t think fast, doesn’t mean you’re not smart.

25. Is Intelligence Neurologically Measured? • Brain Anatomy • +.4 Correlation b/w brain size and intelligence score • Neural Plasticity – grow connections • Brain Function • Left side = verbal questions • Both sides = spatial questions • Perceptual Speed • +.4 Correlation b/w intelligence and perceptual speed • Neurological Speed • People who process info faster = more info learned

26. True or False • 1. The larger your brain is, the smarter you are. • 2. Being in school longer allows you to grow more synapses, which makes you smarter. • 3. The left side of your brain processes spatial input, the right side processes mathematical input. • 4. More intelligent people tend to process information quicker. • 5. Just because you can’t think fast, doesn’t mean you’re not smart.

27. Assessing Intelligence • How do you measure intelligence? • Can it be biased? • What do you think of the SAT?

28. Modern IQ testing • Began in France for special education • Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon • Measured mental age • Chronological age = performance • 8 yr old….score like an 8 yr old • Used questions that would predict how a student would do in school

29. Lewis Terman • Lewis Terman – American • Stanford-Binet Test • Intelligence Quotient

30. An average child would have an IQ of 100 • Does not work for adults • What is the IQ of a 10 year old who answers questions like a 5 year old? • 50

32. Aptitude and Achievement Tests • Aptitude tests are intended to predict your ability to learn a new skill • Achievement tests are intended to reflect what you have already learned. What is the SAT? What is your GPA? What is the AP test?

33. David Wechsler • Developed the WAIS: • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) • Most widely used intelligence test • Later the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for preschoolers.

34. WAIS measures • overall intelligence • 11 other subtests • What would you assume if they did very well in all categories except verbal comprehension?

36. WWI Intelligence Test • Let’s take it! • How many of you did well on it? • So…most of you are…?? • Stupid?

37. Then are you a genius??? • MENSA

38. Normal Curve • Standardized tests establish a normal distribution of scores on a tested population in a bell-shaped pattern called the normal curve. What % of people score b/w 85 and 115?

39. Principles of Test Construction For a psychological test to be acceptable it must fulfill the following three criteria: • Standardization • Reliability • Validity

40. Standardization • After you take the SAT, how do they know if you did well? • Standardization • Administering the test to a representative sample to establish a basis

41. Flynn Effect • What is it? • In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of 27 points.

42. Reliability • A test is reliable when it yields consistent results. To establish reliability researchers establish different procedures: • Split-half Reliability: Dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are. • Reliability using different tests: Using different forms of the test to measure consistency between them. • Test-Retest Reliability: Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency.

43. Validity • Reliability of a test does not ensure validity. • Validity of a test refers to what the test is supposed to measure or predict. • Content Validity: Refers to the extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait. • Predictive Validity: Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.

44. Stability or change? • Does your IQ change as you get older? • Do you get smarter? • Stable after about seven years of age.

45. Crystallized Intelligence

46. Fluid Intelligence

47. Extremes of Intelligence • A valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes: • Intellectual Disabilities (IQ 70) • Individuals with high intelligence (IQ 135)

48. Intellectual Disability Individuals with intellectual disabilities required constant supervision a few decades ago, but with a supportive family environment and special education they can now care for themselves.

50. High IQ • How do they do in society? • Should they be in different classes? • Does that affect their socialization?