Medical History

1. Medical History Medical Pioneers And Advancements (Part 2 and 3)

2. Early Medical Pioneers • Vesalius • Human dissection • Book on the human body with over 300 illustrations

3. Early Medical Pioneers • William Harvey • Arteries – blood flows away from heart • Veins – blood flows to the heart • Same blood pumped repeatedly • Blood purified in lungs • 2 ounces of blood passed with each heartbeat • Died before he knew how the blood got from the arteries to the veins (capillaries)

5. Early Medical Pioneers • Malpighi (Italian) and van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) and Hooke (English) Microscope invented

6. Early Medical Pioneers • Pare (French) • Wound dressing • Tying off of bleeding vessels versus cauterizing them • Invented forceps

7. Modern Medical Pioneers • Medicine has evolved in the last 250 years • Invention of microscope • Discovery of microbes • Advancement in physics and chemistry

8. Modern Medical Pioneers • John Hunter • Founder of Scientific Surgery • Artificial feeding

9. Modern Medical Pioneers • Edward Jenner • 1749-1823 • Englishman • First Vaccination (Cowpox)

10. Modern Medical Pioneers • Gabriel Fahrenheit • 1688-1736 • German physicist • First mercury thermometer

11. Modern Medical Pioneers • Rene Laennec • 1781-1826 • Frenchman • Invented stethoscope • First was a piece of paper, then a wooden tube

12. Modern Medical Pioneers • Dr. WTG Morton • 1819 – 1868 • First anesthetic (Greek meaning “not feeling”)– Ether

13. Modern Medical Pioneers • Dr. James Simpson • 1811-1870 • anesthetic – Chloroform

14. Modern Medical Pioneers • Louis Pasteur • 1822-1895 • French • Chemist • Pasteurization • Heating and sealing of wine bottles to destroy microorganisms • Vaccine for rabies

15. Modern Medical Pioneers • Joseph Lister • 1827-1912 • London, England • Medical asepsis • Destruction of or cleaning off of organisms • Used carbolic acid to clean and disinfect

16. Modern Medical Pioneers • Wilhelm von Roentgen • 1845-1923 • German professor of physics • Discovered x-rays • Named Roentgen rays

17. Modern Medical Pioneers • Dr. Elias Metchnikoff • 1845-1916 • Russian Jew • Nobel prize in medicine for studying how white blood cells protect the body from disease

18. Modern Medical Pioneers • Frederick Banting • 1891-1941 • Canadian • Isolated insulin

19. Modern Medical Pioneers • Gerhard Domagk • 1895- 1964 • German Bacteriologist • Discovered a red dye that killed many germs • Developed Sulfa drugs

20. Modern Medical Pioneers • Sir Alexander Fleming • 1881-1955 • Discovered that mold prevented the growth of bacteria • Beginning of the development of penicillin (antibiotic)

21. Modern Medical Pioneers • Dr. Christian Barnard • December 3, 1967 • First successful heart transplant (South Africa)

22. Early Leaders in American Medicine • Benjamin Franklin • The Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia - 1753 • Not first hospital, but oldest surviving institution for the care of the sick in the US

23. Early Leaders in American Medicine • Ephraim McDowell • 1771-1830 • removed a large ovarian tumor • was called a murderer (but patient lived for many more years) • many of his surgical techniques are still used today

24. Early Leaders in American Medicine • Walter Reed • 1851-1902 • Experimented with human subjects, giving them Yellow Fever • His work made the panama canal possible – without it, the construction would have never restarted. • It was halted because it was believed that Yellow Fever was contagious (they didn’t know it was spread by mosquitoes)

25. Early Leaders in American Medicine • Theobald Smith • 1859 – 1934 • professor of bacteriology • laid the foundation for the prevention of diseases (vaccines) • typhoid, diphtheria, meningitis

26. Early Leaders in American Medicine • Alexis Carrel • Nobel Prize in medicine in 1912 • Work in joining blood vessels.

27. Early Leaders in American Medicine • Dr. Jonas Salk • Polio vaccine in 1954 • Many got sick and died • Dr. A.B. Sabin • Attenuated oral vaccine (dead viruses) for polio

28. Early Leaders in American Medicine • 1954 first successful kidney transplant • organ compatibility

29. Early Leaders in American Medicine • 1962 first severed limb reattached

30. Early Leaders in American Medicine • 1938 began the development of a dialysis machine

31. Early Leaders in American Medicine • 1966 a portable (dialysis) machine developed.

32. Early Leaders in American Medicine • 1950’s radioisotopes used to see organs Compression Fracture in Spine Gallbladder

33. Early Leaders in American Medicine • Mid 20th Century • Brain surgery • Transplanted organs • Artificial parts • Cataracts removed and plastic lenses inserted • Plastic surgery • Heart surgery normal

34. Replacement Parts • Arteries replaced with artificial tubing • Pacemakers (1970, 10 year battery life)

35. Replacement Parts • Artificial organs have not been perfected, although there has been much progress made with artificial hearts • Artificial valves

36. Replacement Parts • Stem cells • Cells that can differentiate into any type of cell/tissue etc • Cells could be used to “grow” new organs for someone and be a perfect match.

37. Cloning • Highly controversial • Ethical, moral and legal implications • Embryonic • Comes from embryos (to this date, NO useable therapies have been developed using embryonic stem cells) • Adult Stem cells • In body of adults, but have limited uses (so far, all therapies have originated from adult stem cells)

38. Replacement Parts • Human Genome • Identification of the genes in the DNA of cells • Manipulation of genes • Ethical, moral and legal implications