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11 . 1 . smcwr c qr~kI

11 tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm jwxkwrI qy sMcwr dy swDn. 11 . 1 . smcwr c qr~kI. tYlIPon dw bxnw

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11 . 1 . smcwr c qr~kI

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  1. 11tknOlOjIdy mhwn kdm jwxkwrI qy sMcwr dy swDn 11. 1. smcwr c qr~kI tYlIPon dw bxnw 1876 AlYgzYfr grYhm bYl dI Koj ny swrI dunInW nUM joV idqw[ 1926 pihlI vwr Atlwitk smudr dy dono pwsy g~l kIqI geI, 1927 inaUXOrk qy lMfn c tYlIPon (ryfIAo nwl) l~igAw[ ey tI qy tI ny 1935 c prdys q~k phucn vwly tYlIPon lgwey[ 1956 c smudr ivc tYlIPon lweInw peIAW, 1962 c sMcwr sYtylweIt[ A~j rswiexk ivigAwnIAW ny qWby dIAw qwrW qoN PweIbr AOpitks, sWJy tYlIPon lweInW qoN ientrnYt idqw hY] ibn qwr sMcwr sYl Pon, pyjrz eykIkrx srkt, nvIn smwn qy Cotw sweIz swmwn ivigAwnkW n idqy[ 1940 c ey tI qy tI lYbytorI ny kwr Pon bxwey, pr sMcwr cYnlz nw hox kwrn prc~lq nw hoey[ 1980 c ibn qwr sMcwr sYlW c vMifAw igAw qy AOtomYitk sivcW ijnW nwl hr sYl dubwrw vriqAw jWdw hY[ sYl Pon CyqI hI Awm ho gey[ rswiex ny rIcwrz hon vwlI sYl PonW leI ilQIAm-Awien bYtrIAW bxweIAW] sivc borf PYks qy Skl-nkl ivigAwn Bwvy 1902 c jrmnI dy AwrQr kohn ny qwr rwhI Poto ByjI, pr pihlI PYks mSIn 1924 c bxI[ Poto dI nkl ibjlI dy isgnlW nwl kIqI geI qy tYlIPon rhIN ByjI geI[ Poto iPlm qy nkl hnyry c isD kIqI jWdI[ 1949 c shI Skl nkl hox l~gI[ 1970 c PYks ivigAwn ny nvy kwgz, isAwhI qy Poto lYx dy qrIky bxwey gey] tYlIPootogrwPIy Lyzr qy PweIbr Awpitks hun SISy dIAW qwrW ivc roSnI nwl sMcwr ho irhw hY[ rswIexkW ny pihlI SISy dI qwr 1970 c bxweI[ iPr SISy dIAW qwrW ivCweIAW geIAW[ 1977 c roSnI nwl AwvWz, AMkVy qy qsvIrW phucx l~gIAW[ A~j kroVW Pon, AMkVy qy qsvIrW iek SISy dI qwr c jw skdy hn]

  2. 11.tknOlOjIdy mhwn kdm jwxkwrI qy sMcwr dy swDn 11.2.kmpUtr ivigAwn kmpUtrW dw bxnw rsWiexk ivigAwnIAW ny kmpUtr bxwey qy iPr ienw nUM hor SkqIvwn, qyz rPqwr qy ssqw kIqw[ 1939 c AwieAovw sUby c pihly kmpUtr dI Koj hoeI[ 1940 c progrwm hox bulIAn FMg vwly ihswb-krn bxn l~gy[ 1946 c eInIAk , AkiVAW vwlw kmpUtr bixAw, 1962 c pihlw mweIkro-prosYsr[ 1971 ientYl kMpnI ny 4004 4-ibt mweIkro-prosYsr qy lokW ivc kmpUtr Awm ho gey[ A~j BI nvIn trWizstr, islIkon-icps, ientYgryitf purzy, AMkVy swBx dy mwl bxdy hn] jOn vOn inaUmn qy eInIAk eInIAk sYmIknfktr ivigAwn Rrswiexk ivigAwn ny islIkon qy jrmynIAm qo sYmIknfktr bxwey jo kmpUtrW, AOzwrW qy sMcwr swDnw c vrqy jwdy hn[ sYmIknfktrW c grm ho ky izAwdw krMt l`Gx l`g jWdw hY[ sYmIknfktrW jo ik izAwdw Xw ibnw ielYktrOn bxwx vwly bxwey jw skdy hn[ sYmIknfktrW nwl kmpUtr qy ientYgryitf srkt bxdy hn[ sYmIknfktrW nwl ielYktrOink smwn Coty sweIz, qyz qy G~t ibjlI nwl c~ldy hn[ ivigAwnkW ny sYmIknfktrW nwl cMgy gux vwly AOzwr, murMmq krnw qy nvIn Coty ielYktroink swDn idqy hn] pI-tweIp sYmIknfktr (ielYktrOnW qo ibnw) AYn-tweIp sYmIknfktr (v~D ielYktrOn) islIkoon icps qy ientYgryitf srkt 1947 c ivigAwnk jon bwrfIn, ivlIAm Soklye qy vwltr brwtyAn ny isD kIqw islIkon rwhI ibjlI imQy p~Dr nwl lMG skdI hY[ ies qrW islIkon icps, ientygryitf srkt qy mweIkro-prosYsr nwl A~j qyz rfqwr vwly cMgy kmpUtr bxdy hn[ 1961 c islIkon icps ivc trWiztrs, rizstrs, kpYsItrs qy mYmrI icps islIkon dy p~qrW v~K v~K rswiexW lw ky bxdy[ 1967 c pihlw ientYgryitf srkt vwlw kYlkulytr bixAW ijs ivc keI trWizstrs qy ielYktrOinkpurzy sn[ 1980 c ientYgryitf srkt vwly kmpUtr bxn l~gy]

  3. 11.tknOlOjIdy mhwn kdm jwxkwrI qy sMcwr dy swDn 11.3. kmpUtr tknOlOjIy jWc qy prdrSn tknOlOjI prdrSn qy kmpUtr tknOlOjI c bhuq qr~kI hoeI hY[ swP rMgIn prdrSn tI vI kYTof ry tUaubW dy ADwr qy bxyN[ god ly ikqwb-kmpUtr p~Dr skrIn vwly bxyN[ 1969 c AYl sI fI prdrSn rswiex dy ADwr qy bxyN[ iPr pqlI-qsvIr trWijstr dy ADwr qy AYl sI fI qsvIrW bxIAW[ rswixkW ny qrl-kirstl, rMgIn iPltr, qYhdwr pOlImr, Fwly-plwsitk dIAW SItW jo roSnI KMf krn qy plwzmw prdrSn bxwey hn] jwxkwrI stor krnw jwxkwrI dw stor hoxw aus nUM inkwl ky ihswb c vrqoN ho skxI zrUrI hY[ rswiexk KojW ny cMgy, sOKy qy ssqy irkwrf r~Kx dy swDn idqy[ nvIn qyz rMgIn irkwrf dy qrIky, cubk rYkrf, ifjItl prdrSn bxy[ 1955 c AmrIkn kMmpUtr KojI rYnlf jOnsnny pihlI kmpUtr ifsk frweIv bxweI[ 1984 c sI fI rwm bxI, hux kMmpUtr ifsk qy cubk-typW c hor BI nvInqw Aw cukI hY] sMcwr sYtylweIts U1960 q~k AmrIkw qy dUsry mhWdIpW c sMcwr bhuq mYhgw sI[ 1962 c tYlstwr pihlw sMcwr sYtylweIt AOribt c ciVAw[ rswiex ny sYtylweItw bxn qy cVn dw swmwn imSrx-DwqW, plwsitk qy nvIn mwl idqw[ 1990 q~k sMcwr sYtylweItW ny dyS ivdySW nUM Pun qy tI vI phucwey[ A~j sMcwr sYtylweIt isDy GrW c sYtylweIt ifSW nUM ifjItl tI vI dy rhy jn] jI pI AYs sYtylweIt AOribt ivc jI pI AYs sYtylweIt dI bxqr

  4. 11.tknOlOjIdy mhwn kdm jwxkwrI qy sMcwr dy swDn 11. 4.mnorMjn iPmmW 1927 c jYz isMgr pihlI iPlm sI ijs c qsvIrW qy Awvwz dw shI myl sI[ 1930 dy AMq q~k rMgIn iPlm mShUr hoeI[ iPlmW dy rswiex ivc nvIn mwl, rswiexk Gol qy roSnI dIAW KojW Swml hoeIAW] tYlIvIjn 1926 c, skwitS jOn logI byArf pihlw tI vI bxwieAw, inpko ifsk dw 1883 c pytYt ilAw igAw[ 1897 c kYQof ry dI Koj hoeI, 1927 c kYQof ry nwl pihlw tI vI bixAw[ A`gly vIh swl vYkaUm tIaUb dIAw KojW hoeIAw[ 1958 c ientYgryitf srkt bxyN[ iPr sOilf styt qy Coty ielYktroinks bxy[ inpko ifsk qy KojI pwl inpko PotogrwPIy PootogrwPI qy iPlmW izdgI c XwdW nwl lokW dw irkwrf r~KdIAW hn[ rswiex ny iPlmW, kYmry, roSnI dy Xog FMg qy slaUSn bxwey[ bYtrIAW, 1950 c AYlklweIn CotIAW bYtrIAW qy kYmry c l~gy PlYS[ 1963 c eIstmYn koifk ny qurq kYmry coN inkln vwlIAW qsvIrW bxweIAW, 1970 q~k 5 kroV Ajyhy kYmry ivky]

  5. 11.tknOlOjIdy mhwn kdm jwxkwrI qy sMcwr dy swDn 11. 5. nvIn ielYktrOinks nvIn ielYktrOinks Huhux nvIn imnI ielYktrOinks sI fI plyArW, tI vI, kmpUtr, ifjItl kYmry, ibn qwr Pon Awd c hn[ vYkuAm tIaUb qo trWizstr qo ientYgryitf srkt rswiexk iejnIArW ny ielYktrOinks Coty, izAwdw SkqIvwn, G~t ibjlI dI loV qy ssqy bxw idqy hn[ nvy Sud mwl qy sYmIknfktr bxwx dy qrIky ny trWizstrW qy ientYgryitf srktW nUM hor smrQw qy vDyry vrqo c ilAWdw hY] nvIn snQYitk mwl Awm vrqoN ielYktrOinks, sYl Pon, kmpUtr sKq qy cMgy plwsitk dI loV hY[ plwsitk ielYktrOn nUM iensUlyt krdy hn[ rswiexkW ny mOlIkulwr bxqr bdl ky nvy sKq qy keI vrqoN c Aw jwx vwly mwl bxwey[ ienW KojW nwl cot shx, G~t vzn qy ssqy Awm vrqoN dy swDn bxwey] trWizstrz iek Coty ijhy trWizstr ny kmpUtr qy sMcwr dw smyln krvwieAw[ 1947 c john bwrfn, vwltr brYtyn qy ivlIAm SOkly ny trWizstr bxwieAw ijs ny motI tutx vwlI vYkUm tIaUb dI QW isgnl sivc krn leI lY leI] ientYgryitf srkt c l~KW trWizstr hn ijnw nwl nvIn ielYktrOinl bxyN[ 1954 c trWizstr ryifAo bixAW qy 1958 c AmrIkn ielYktrIkl ienjnIAr sImor kryA ny trWizstr vwlw kmpUtr bxw idqw] trWizstr dy KojI

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