Post Secondary Internationalisation A nd Hyper-Diverse City Contexts

1. Post Secondary Internationalisation AndHyper-Diverse City Contexts

3. Photo taken by Andrew McConnell

4. Questions That Catalyzed My Learning Journey • Is my own experience of changes in Post-Secondary Internationalisation (from a humanistic focus to commodification) representative of a system shift? • Why does the actual internationalisation/cosmopolitanisation of world cities not feature in the discourses, programs, and practices of internationalisation?

5. Why Did/Does/Should The Apparent Shift In PSI And Its Apparent Blindness To The City Matter To Me And The Field ? • We live in an increasingly borderless planet and are conjoined by risk (Morin, Beck, etc.) • We will pretty much all be urban dwellers within a half century (Saunders, Sassen, Hall etc.) • Values and methods that allow us to co-exist in poly-cultural spaceswill be increasingly necessary (Beck, Donald etc) • Humanistic approaches to counterbalance market dominance are critical (Peters, McLaren, Giroux etc.)

6. Definitions Internationalisation: “the process of integrating an international, intercultural or global dimension into the purpose, functions, or delivery of PSE” (Knight, 2004, p. 11) Hyper-diverse cities…multicultural cities in which over 20% of the population was born outside the country Global research universities… research universities listed in the SJT/THES rankings

7. Limitations…no guru no method no teacher ! (apologies to Van Morrison) • “Internationalization is a set of processes in search of a concept and theoryof internationalism that has yet to be articulated” (Britez and Peters, 2010, p. 37) • “Thinking about cities as a site for empirical research about economic, political, and cultural globalization has tended to fall between the cracks of existing scholarship ” (Sassen, 2012, p. 6) • “global awareness of a shared collective future is an awareness to which there are currently no corresponding forms of practice” (Beck, 2006, p. 78)

8. So…has Internationalisation Changed?... Apparently so according to the Literature “a marketing strategy of corporate universities informed by neo-liberalism, rather than a critical position encompassing the political, social and cultural dimensions relevant to the practice and experience of being a world citizen.” (Britez and Peters, 2010, p. 40) “internationalization is a budgetary strategy, rather than a cultural and learning strategy.” (Altbach & Welch, 2011, p. 22) “Internationalization is dead….” (de Wit and Brandeburg, 2011) Need for education to embrace a cosmopolitan imaginary that is “careful measured and humane” (Nixon, 2011, p. 64)

9. Is There Any Hopeful Emergent Scholarship In The Field ?..Yes But It’s Limited A few….“cosmopolitical approaches”… Rizvi, Britez and Peters, Donald, etc. Call for a “reflexive cosmopolitan internationalisation that exists within a pedagogically open framework explores the dynamics of cultural interactions in an ongoing fashion” (Rizvi, 2009, p. 267) and which “undermines the idea of an uncomplicated and unambiguous national, ethnic or cultural identity and in doing so it pulls the rug from under the idea that the responsibility of a university education is either to bolster a unitary national identity or to affirm as equally and unarguably valid multiple cultural identities.” (Donald, 2007, p. 295)

10. So … Thence to Readings In Cosmopolitanism ! … • Diogenes • Kant • Habermas • Beck… Eureka ! “the model of an experimental cosmopolitanism of the powerlessin which the capacity to change perspectives, dialogical imagination, and creative handling of contradictions are indispensable survival skills.” (Beck, 2006, p. 104)

11. Not a Love Affair….MethodologicalNationalism to MethodologicalCosmopolitanism • Methodological nationalism ……nation, state, society are the natural forms of the modern world (Beck, 2006) (territorial social ontology) • Beck “replaces ontology with methodology” … “cosmopolitan outlook the key concept of the reflexive second modernity” (2006, p. 21). • “Real existing cosmopolitanization … a non-nostalgic critique of the national and international” (p. 24). Wherein there is a “recognition of difference beyond the misunderstandings of territoriality and homogenization” (p. 30).

12. Beck’s Notions Of Real Existing Cosmopolitanization • In the cosmopolitan outlook, methodologically understood, there resides the latent potential to break out of the self-centred narcissism of the national outlook and the dull incomprehension with which it infects thoughts and action, and thereby enlighten the human beings concerning the real, internal cosmopolitanization of their lifeworlds and institutions. (2006, p. 2)

13. Beck’s Five Principles • principle of the experience of crisis in world society[emphasis mine]: the awareness of interdependence and the resulting “civilizational community of fate” induced by global risks and crises, which overcomes the boundaries between internal and external, us and them the national and international; • second, the principle of recognition of cosmopolitan differences and the resulting cosmopolitan conflict character[emphasis mine] and the (limited) curiosity concerning differences of cultural identity; • third, the principle of cosmopolitan empathyand ofperspective-taking[emphasis mine] and the virtual interchangeability of situations (as both an opportunity and a threat); • fourth, the principle of the impossibility of living in a world society[emphasis mine] without borders and the resulting compulsion to redraw old boundaries and rebuild old walls; • fifth, the mélange principle[emphasis mine] that local, national, ethnic, religious and cosmopolitan cultures and traditions interpenetrate, interconnect and intermingle—cosmopolitanism without provincialism is empty, provincialism without cosmopolitanism is blind.

14. Beck’s Multiperspectival Framework • with a local focus (e.g.transnational lifestyle of Turks in London; global cooperation and conflict with the World Trade Organization, the American government or NGOs; conflict between national and communal governments over fertility policy; anti-poverty initiatives in New Delhi; the impact of the BSE risk on an agricultural community in Scotland); • with a national focus (e.g. transnational forms of marriage and family in different countries; the modes and frequency of transnational communication in the USA, Russia, China, North Korea and South Africa; the nationalities and languages of schoolchildren in different countries etc.); • with a transnational (or translocal) focus(e.g. German Turks who have developed a transnational lifestyle moving between Berlin and Istanbul are being researched in both Berlin and Istanbul: this involves an exhange of perspectives which sets the nation-state framings of Turkey and Germany into systematic relation with each other—as regards values, administrative regulations, cultural stereotypes etc., which determine, facilitate or prevent transnationalization; the transnational dynamics of risk and conflict of the BSE crisisand their cultural perception and evaluation in different countries are now being investigated in a comparative study); • with a global focus(how far advanced is the internal and external cosmopolitanization of national domains of experience in particular countries, what implications does this have, and what the theoretical, empirical and political conclusions can be drawn from it?). (p. 82)

15. So… Here’s An Interesting Theoretical Framework And Methodology That May Be Applied To Internationalisation .. But How To Avoid Abstraction… ? • Schwab’s notion of incoherence and disconnect. In which “theoretic problems are states of mind. Practical problems arise from states of affairs in relation to ourselves” (1970, p.3) • Or the “spectatorial detachment of those postmodern free-floating intellectuals who, despite their claim to be part of a collective deconstructive project, often fail to mobilize intellectual work in the interest of liberatory praxis” (McLaren, 1994, p.193) Nixon (2011) suggests “a universality which loses grasp of particularity loses its capacity for transformative change” (p. 62)… so to a particularity !

16. World Cities As Sites…. • “the city has long been a strategic site for the exploration of many major subjects confronting society and sociology” (Sassen, 2003, p. 143) … “terrain where a multiplicity of globalization processes assume concrete forms” (p.147) • “An urban future for humanity is inevitable..” (Saunders, 2010) • Hyper-diverse cities and their networks are “the intersection of the global and local in today’s world” (Sassen, 2012, p.xv) where Marginson’s notion of “glonocal” or Beck’s cosmopolitanization actually happens. • Diverse cities are concentrated sites of “real existing cosmopolitanization” and are a “state of affairs” (Schwab) that may ground the internationalisation discourse in the hermeneutical realities of the world city…

18. And So…Readings In The History Of Cities And City Corridors • As centres of flows of trade and knowledge (Sassen, Hall etc.) • As linked corridors of trade and migration (Tellier, etc.) • As centres and corridors of co-mingling that precede the nation state. • “cities transcend states transhistorically” (Taylor, 2007,p. 10)

19. And So On To Exploring The Current Literature On World Cities…divergent views • “the character of contemporary cities can be traced to one crucial fundamental aspect they share: they are all phenomena of the Capitalist City.” (Marcuse, 2006, p. 367) • “the duality of highly developed and less developed countries, is now also evident within developed countries and especially within their major cities” (Sassen, 2012, p. 325) • The global city is a “social construct, not a place or object consisting of essential properties.” (Smith, 2007, p. 8)

20. But Cosmopolitanization …Requires… • the chameleon techniques required to live successful lives of serial migration (Ossman, 2007, p. 15) Similar to…. • perspective consciousness, state of the planet awareness, cross-cultural awareness, knowledge of global dynamics, and awareness of human choices (Gacel-Avila, 2007, p. 126)

21. City- Structures And Relationship To PSE? Social and economic restructuring (Sassen, 2012) characterizes cities in a world economy according to a new geography of centres and margins …centre/margin structuration in which a core elite is supported by an underclass … who tend to “ignore those awkward neighbourhoods on the edge of town” (Saunders, 2010, p. 323)

22. Linking World Cities topographies to PSE…. The sun king return of the three Estates ..(Newfield 2010)? • “cognitive capitalism in Foucault’s sense of a productive contradiction: the appropriation of abundant knowledge, the privatisation of public and socially-created goods – that is, the famous ‘enclosure of the knowledge commons’ ….forcing knowledge out of its creative collective habitat” (Newfield, 2010, p.176) • “The global R and D university serves the military- industrial-entertainment complex and now adds itself as the integral fourth portion of the assemblage” (Bishop, 2006, p.564) • “watertight stratification between an HE for the elite, and an HE for plebeians” (Vinokur, 2011, p. 4)

23. It’s Bound Up In Economic Cosmopolitanism…capital flows…people left behind “abandoning the national paradigm under the banner of the economy is by no means synonymous with a global cosmopolitanism of the common good” (Beck, 2006, p. 108) “In the neo-liberal imagination, society, culture and personality are mere outcomes of the economy; and global educational strategy is nothing more than a map of opportunities for self enrichment” (Marginson, 2004, p. 3)

24. So… I suggest that …Bringing back the Humane, Public good aspects of Internationalisation may change the picture Humane internationalisation has a role to play in interrogating the glonocal continuum of hyper-diverse cities and breaching the internal borders between classes and between institutions.

25. Solutions For Renewing Humane Internationalisation • Recognising that internationalisation is bound by Methodological Nationalism • Moving towards Methodological Cosmopolitanism • Linking internationalisation with the banal cosmopolitanization of world/global cities and city corridors/regions • Recognizing the relationship between transnationalism, power cores, and research universities as well as PSE hierarchies • Moving from a cosmopolitan internationalisation based on the abstract equivalence of human beingsto a richly open building of more and hopefully better social connections. (Beck, 2006)

26. Putting It All Together –Towards AHumanistic InternationalisationOf Inclusion • Interdisciplinary • Multi-Perspectival • Critical • Emancipatory • Incomplete • Humane

27. What Next ? • Refining my thesis…implications for programming, curriculum design • Course linking diaspora to internationalisation • Research paper on international student experiences.. Colleges/Research Universities/Teaching Universities with a colleague from a combination institution (Vinokur) • Joint presentation at EAIE on glonocal internationalisation with colleagues from Germany/Chile/South Africa.

28. Thanks This has been a long journey… it’s not the end of course ….I hope I haven’t been too chaotic in presenting, but the passion I have for this journey sometimes means that the dispassion linearity required is occasionally lacking!

29. One Academic Tip…One Filmic Recommendation http://governancexborders.com/about/ (Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies) Dirty Pretty Things… Stephen Frears.