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Unit I: Grammar

Unit I: Grammar. Parts of Speech Basic Sentence Parts and Patterns Phrases and Clauses Avoiding Sentence Errors. Parts of Speech. Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections!. Nouns. Names a person, place, or thing

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Unit I: Grammar

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  1. Unit I: Grammar Parts of Speech Basic Sentence Parts and Patterns Phrases and Clauses Avoiding Sentence Errors

  2. Parts of Speech • Nouns • Pronouns • Verbs • Adjectives • Adverbs • Prepositions • Conjunctions • Interjections!

  3. Nouns • Names a person, place, or thing • PERSON: woman, cousin, pilot, Mr. Lopez, Aunt Margaret • PLACE: university, Main Street, desert, Chesapeake Bay, Ohio

  4. CONCRETE: Something you can see, touch, taste, hear, or smell pitchfork garlic critic bruise ________________ ________________ ________________ ABSTRACT: Some-thing nonphysical, that you cannot perceive through your 5 senses patriotism era career immortality ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Concrete and Abstract Nouns

  5. Singular and Plural Nouns

  6. playwright island building ________________ ________________ ________________ William Shakespeare Maui, Sicily Taj Mahal, Eiffel Tower __________________ __________________ __________________ Common and Proper Nouns PARTS OF SPEECH

  7. Pronouns • Take the place of nouns • Jan and Ken went to the dance. They thought it was great. • Antecedents-nouns the pronouns are representing • Graduating high school is something all seniors want to do. It is only accomplished by some.

  8. Personal Pronouns

  9. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns • REFLEXIVE: Adds essential information to a sentence. • Cats clean themselves carefully after each meal. • INTENSIVE: Usually can be removed. • You yourself agreed that the house needs painting.

  10. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

  11. Other Pronouns • Demonstrative—Located before or after antecedents: this, that, these, those • That is an ambulance siren. • Relative—Relates the pronoun to another idea: which, who, whom, whose • We began reading Anthem, which is by Ayn Rand. • Interrogative—Begins a question: what, which, who, whom, whose • What fell from that ledge?

  12. Other Pronouns

  13. Indefinate Pronouns • Refers to persons, places, or things in a more general way than a noun does. I.e. Everyone has to go to the football game this Friday.

  14. Indefinite Pronouns PARTS OF SPEECH

  15. Verbs • Word or group of words that shows action • The dog raced across the field. • Students will smile for their pictures today. • A sentence is not complete without a verb.

  16. Tell what action something is performing: The dancer will attempt a daring leap. The kettle whistled incessantly. I considered my decision carefully. Connects a subject to a word that describes the subject, usually at the end of the sentence. Jennifer was a senior. The man looks busy. ACTION: The man looked for a taxi. She appeared unkind. ACTION: He appeared on stage at the concert. Action Verbs Linking Verbs

  17. The forms of BE am can be has been are could be had been is may be could have been was might be may have been Were must be might have been be shall be shall have been being should be should have been are being will be will have been is being would be would have been was being have been

  18. Other linking verbs appear look sound become remain stay feel seem taste grow smell turn

  19. Transitive Verbs • Transitive verbs direct action toward someone or something • Sentences include a direct object • He wrote a novel. (Wrote what? A novel) • She paid the bill. (Paid what? The bill) • The doctor examined the patient. (Examined what/who? The patient) • Dogs ate all the meat. (Ate what? Meat)

  20. Intransitive verbs • Does not direct action to something or someone named in the sentence. • The birds flew south. (Flew what? None.) • She sings for the Metropolitan Opera. (Sings what? None.) • They cringed in fear. (Cringed what? None.)

  21. Verb Phrases • Verb with one, two, or three helping verbs before it. • SINGLE VERB: The firm employed a new secretary. • The firm will employ a new secretary. • The firm should have employed a new secretary. • A new secretary might have been employed by the firm today.

  22. Adjectives • Word used to describe nouns or pronouns. • Answer the questions: • What kind? He saw green fields. • Which one? Open the left window. • How many? She ate six lobsters.

  23. Adverbs • Word that describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb • They answer: • Where? The jurors sat there. • When? She never cleaned the room. • How? He officially announced it. • To what extent? He always did it right.

  24. Adverbs describing adjectives • The solution was quite logical. • How logical? quite • It was an extremely sour lemon. • How sour? extremely • She was very late. • How late? very

  25. Adverbs describing adverbs • He worked very competently. • How competently? very • I am not completely finished. • How completely? not • The athlete ran quite quickly. • How quickly? quite

  26. Prepositions Relate the noun to another word in the sentence • LOCATION: The brush fire burned atop the hill. • DIRECTION: The brush fire burned toward the campsite. • TIME: The brush fire burned for three days. • CAUSE: The brush fire started because of carelessness. • POSSESSION: Smoke from the fire could be seen for miles.

  27. Common Prepositions behind below beneath beside between beyond by down during except for from in into like of off on over past since through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon with within without aboard about above across after against along among around at before

  28. Prepositional Phrase A group of words that includes a preposition and the object • I walked slightly ahead of her. • The shampoo bottle on the shelf was almost empty. • We fell in love with a lovable, brown-eyed puppy. • Our new house is located near stores and schools.

  29. Prepositional Phrases in Questions • What were we talking about? • The phrase is broken up: about what. • Where did this come from? • The phrase is broken up: from where.

  30. Find the Phrases • HINT: Find the preposition; then find the object. • As of today, he had become a teenager. • They drove down to the cabin on the lake this weekend. • Eat green beans instead of French fries for a healthy diet. • No one is supposed to drive by the abandoned building.

  31. Conjunctions • Word used to connect other words or groups of words. • Three main types: • Coordinating • Correlative • Subordinating

  32. Coordinating Conjunctions • Connect similar parts of speech or items of equal weight: and but for nor or so yet • With nouns and pronouns: • Inga and I attended the concert. • With verbs: • She will run or jump at the track meet. • With adverbs: • The man responded quickly but incorrectly.

  33. Coordinating Conjunctions cont’d • With adjectives: • The steak was tender, large, yet tasteless. • With prepositional phrases: • I will go to Greece or to Spain. • With complete ideas: • He seemed distressed, so we discussed his problem.

  34. Correlative Conjunctions • Must work in pairs to correlate ideas both…and either…or neither…nor not only…but also whether…or

  35. Correlative Conjunctions cont’d • With nouns and pronouns: • Call either Ed or me if you need help. • With adjectives: • The rain was not only heavy but also cold. • With prepositional phrases: • Put the check neither in the drawer nor beside the telephone. • With complete ideas: • Whether they run or walk, they will arrive eventually.

  36. after because although before as even if as if even though as long as how as much as if as soon as in order that as though lest now that unless provided until since when so that whenever than where that wherever though while till Subordinating Conjunctions • Two complete ideas by making one of the ideas subordinate or dependent upon the other.

  37. Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions • The referees watched carefully lest they miss a key play. • The termites remained, although the fumigator sprayed. • After the billboards were removed, the area’s natural beauty was restored.

  38. accordingly again also besides consequently finally furthermore however indeed moreover nevertheless otherwise then therefore thus Conjunctive Adverbs Act as transitions between complete ideas by indicating comparisons, contrasts, and results.

  39. Conjunctive Adverbs Examples • The doctor did help my back problem; however, I still experience occasional pain. • The earthquake damaged the wall. Moreover, it broke some water pipes. • My hay fever grew worse. I, nevertheless, refused to remain inside.

  40. Interjections! • An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion and functions independently of a sentence. ah gracious psst aha hey tsk alas hurray well dear oh whew goodness ouch wow

  41. Interjection Examples • Ouch! That bee sting hurts! • Goodness, if you don’t leave now, you will be late! • ___________! What was that noise? • ___________! Come over here! • ___________! I’m exhausted.

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