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第三讲 构词法. 主讲:朱坤领. 构词法. 大家需要了解一些构词法的知识。因为学习构词法有助于你们高效、迅速而大量记忆词汇,扩大词汇量。 英语的构词法主要有三种: 派生词,合成词和转换词 。. 1 、合成词:两个或两个以上的词形成的新词 class + room = classroom black + board = blackboard get + together = get-together cyber + space = cyberspace. 2 、转换词:将一个单词由一种词性转用成另一种词性 比如, 形容词转换成名词: the wounded ,
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第三讲 构词法 主讲:朱坤领
构词法 • 大家需要了解一些构词法的知识。因为学习构词法有助于你们高效、迅速而大量记忆词汇,扩大词汇量。 • 英语的构词法主要有三种:派生词,合成词和转换词。
1、合成词:两个或两个以上的词形成的新词 • class + room = classroom • black + board = blackboard • get + together = get-together • cyber + space = cyberspace
2、转换词:将一个单词由一种词性转用成另一种词性2、转换词:将一个单词由一种词性转用成另一种词性 • 比如, • 形容词转换成名词:the wounded, • 副词转换成名词:ups and downs, • 动词转换成名词:take a walk • 名词转换成动词:water the flowers
3、派生词:将词缀加入其他单词或词素而构成的新词3、派生词:将词缀加入其他单词或词素而构成的新词 • 很多词是由词根和词缀组成的。 • 词缀分为前缀、后缀和中缀。 • 1)中缀是比较少见的情形。仅举几例说明: • state + s + man = statesman • spoke + s + man = spokesman
2) 下面我们来了解一下常用的前缀 • a-, an- • 不,非,无,否定:astable / atheist / anarchy / anonymous • ambi- [amphi-] • 两,周围:ambiguous / amphitheater (圆形剧场) • anti- • 反对,对抗,替代,取代:antibody / anti-clockwise / anti-fascist / anti-hero / anti-missile • auto- • 自己,自动,自主:autobiography / automatic / automobile / autonomy
be- • 使成为,变成,加强:belittle / befriend • bi- • 二,双:bicycle / bilateral / bilingual • bio- • 生命,生物;生物学的:biochemistry / bioengineering / biography / biology • by- • 附近,旁边:bypass / byproduct / bystander / bywork
co- • 共同,同等:cooperation / coeducation / co-worker • con- [col-][com-] [cor-] • 连同,一起:conduct / collaborate / combine / correlate • conter- [contra-] • 反,对应:counter-attack / counteraction / contrast / contradict
de- • 除去,离开,分,否定:decompose / decode / degrade / defrost / depart • di- [dif-] [dis-] • 否定,相对,相反:disagree / disarm / dissemble / differ / diffuse / dissatisfy
en- [em-] • 使变成,使成为:enable / endanger / enlarge / embitter / empower • eu- • 优,善:eulogize (优生学) / eugenics (赞美) • ex- • 从前的,前任的;向上,向外:ex-wife / ex-president / express / export • extra- • 在…之外,向外;非常,极:extraterrestrial (地球以外的) / extraordinary / extracurricular
fore- • 前,预先:foremost / forecast /foresee • hydr- • 水,氢:hydrogen (氢) / hydroelectric • (aque-也表示水,如 aqueduct 水管)
hyper- • 在上,超,非常,极度:hypercritical (苛求的)/ hypertension (高血压) / hypertext (超文本) • hypo- [hyp] • 下,低,次,少:hypotension (低血压) / hyposensitize (使敏感度减弱)
il- [im-] [in-] [ir-] • 在内,进入;否定,不:import / intake / invade / illegal / impossible / incomplete / irregular • inter- • 互相,在内:interact / international / interlock / interview / internet • intra- [intro-] • 在内,内部:intrapersonal (个人内心的) / introspect (内省) / intranet
kilo- • 千:kilometer / kilogram / kilowatt • macro- • 较大的,延长的:macroeconomics / macrocosm (宏观世界) • mal- • 恶,不良:maltreat / malfunction • micro- • 微:microphone / micrometer / microeconomics
mid- • 中,中间:mid-air / mid-stream / midday / mid-autumn • mini- • 小:mini-skirt / minibus • mis- • 不良,错误,坏:mislead / mistake / misfortune / misunderstand
mono- • 单一:monotonous / monopoly / monologue / monoplane (单翼飞机) • multi- • 多:multiply / multitude / multimedia / multinational • non- • 否定,非,不:non-metal / nonsense / nonexistent
out- • 在外,超过,除去:outdoor / outlive / outwear • over- • 横跃,上,外,过度:overbridge / overhead / oversleep / overwork / overcharge / overcoat
photo- • 光的,摄影的,照相的:photoelectric / photograph / photocopy • post- • 后,后于:postwar / postscript / postgraduate • pre- • 前,领先,先于:precaution / predecessor / preface / prehistoric / prewar • pseudo- • 假的,伪造的:pseudoscience (伪科学) / pseudonym (假名)
re- • 重新,再:rebuild / regain / recover / reuse • semi- • 半,部分:semi-final / semi-automatic / semi-colony / semi-official • (hemi-也表示半,如 hemisphere 西半球)
sub- [suc-] [suf-] • 在下,次,亚,低于,再:substandard / subdivide /succeed / suffix • super- [supra-] [sur-] • 超,在上:superman / supermarket / supranational / surpass
tele- • 远距离:television / telecontrol / telephone / telescope • trans- [tra-] • 转换,变换,横贯,横跃:transmit / transform / transpacific / transplant • tri- • 三:triangle / tricar / triennial (三年一度的)
un- • 不,无,否定:unimportant / undress / uncover / unable • under- • 次,亚于,下,内:underestimate / underpay / underground / underwear • uni- • 单一:uniform / unipolar (单极的) / unanimous • vice- • 副,代理,代替:vice-president / vice-chairman / vice-governor
3) 接下来我们再看一些常用的后缀。 • -able [-ible] [-ble] • 显示…性质或特点的,能…的,适于…的:fashionable / responsible / portable / sensible • -age • 表状态,性质和行为,用于构成名词:breakage / passage / shortage / marriage • -al [-ual] • 具有…性质的,如…的:natural / medical / actual / gradual / national / exceptional /continental
-al • (构成抽象名词)表动作,人和事物:proposal / survival / arrival / approval • -an [-ian] • 人:American / African / electrician / musician / physician / politician • -ance [-ence] • 表状态,性质和行为:importance / assistance / significance / existence / confidence
-ancy [-ency] • 表状态,性质和行为:constancy / frequency / urgency • -ant [-ent] • 表人,物,行为:assistant / resistant / correspondent / student • -ant [-ent] • 形容词后缀:significant / different / independent • -arian • 实行或实践…的人:vegetarian / humanitarian
-crat • 支持者,参与者:democrat / bureaucrat • -ed • 加在动词或名词后,表示有…特征的:satisfied / pleased / talented / learned • -ee • 表动作承受者:employee / refugee / interviewee / trainee
-en • 使变成:blacken / weaken / widen / sharpen / strengthen • -en • 有…质的,似…的:wooden / golden / woolen • -er [-or] • 表人,物:runner / worker / writer / Londoner / sailor / actor / accumulator / spectator
-ery • 表状态,性质,行为及活动地点:bravery / slavery / nursery / fishery • -ese • 某国(地)的,某国(地)的人及语言:Chinese / Japanese / Cantonese / Portuguese • -ful • 充满…的,具有…性质的:beautiful / fruitful / careful / handful /cheerful / useful / colorful
-hood • 身份,地位,性质,状况,时代:childhood / brotherhood / manhood / neighborhood • -ian • …人:Brazilian / Italian / Christian / Musician / politician / physician • -ic [-ical] • 类似…的,具有…的:economic / electronic / romantic / logical / political / artistic
-ify • 使成为,使变为:beautify / simplify / terrify / modify / classify • -ing • 加在动词后,构成形容词:exciting / interesting / encouraging • -ing • 表行为,状态,总称,材料:beginning / clothing / piping / wiring
-ion [-tion] [-cion] [sion] • 表情况,状态,性质,行为:fashion / addition / decision / suspicion / tension / preparation • -ish • 似…的,有…的:childish / selfish / foolish / sheepish • -ish • 加在国家名称后,表该国的或该国人:Irish / Swedish / Spanish / Polish
-ism • 表行为,状态,性质,制度,主义,学:criticism / formalism / Communism • -ist • 从事…工作的人,…主义者:artist / dramatist / socialist / dentist / idealist • -ite • 具有…性质的:definite / opposite / favorite
-ity • (抽象名词)表行为,性质,状态:ability / reality / unity / maturity • -ive • 表倾向,关系,特性:active / creative / relative / productive • -ize [-yze] • 以…方式对待;…化:criticize / modernize / realize / analyze / industrialize / urbanize
-less • 没有…的:careless / treeless / fearless / meaningless / useless • -let • 小型的:booklet / leaflet / piglet / cutlet • -like • 像…的,…般的:warlike / childlike / godlike / lifelike
-ly • 如…的,有…特性的:manly / lovely / friendly / deadly • -ly • 定期发生,每…一次:hourly / yearly / monthly • -ly • …地(表状态,程度,性质,方式):carefully / happily / hurriedly / quickly / seemingly
-ment • 表行为,状态,结果,事物:development / achievement / equipment / movement • -ness • 表性质,状态,性格:darkness / illness / dryness / silliness / kindness / carelessness
-ology • 某种学科,研究:biology / technology / psychology • -ous [-eous] [-ious] [uous] • 具有…性质的:dangerous / famous / advantageous / anxious / continuous / glorious
-ship • 表状况,状态,性质,身份,地位:hardship / friendship / leadership / scholarship • -some • 像…的,引起…的:troublesome / lonesome / handsome
-th • 表结果,性质,情况,状态:warmth / breadth / length / truth • -ty • (抽象名词)加在形容词后,表特性或情况:loyalty / safety / cruelty / certainty / specialty
-ward • 表方向:backwards / downwards / toward / forward / homeward • -wise • 表方向,方式,位置:clockwise / crosswise / likewise / otherwise / stepwise • -y • 充满…的,包含…的:dirty / hairy / dusty / irony / noisy / rainy