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川崎病冠状动脉病变 的临床处理

川崎病冠状动脉病变 的临床处理. 复旦大学附属儿科医院 黄国英 gyhuang@shmu.edu.cn. 2010 年 6 月 完成初稿,广泛征求意见 2010 年 12 月 第一次修改、讨论(上海) 2011 年 5 月 第二稿征求意见 2011 年 9 月 第二次修改、讨论 2011 年 12 月 完成第三稿、研讨会(上海) 2012 年 3 月 完成第四稿 2012 年 6 月 定稿(广州) 2012 年 10 月 中华儿科杂志 发表.

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川崎病冠状动脉病变 的临床处理

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  1. 川崎病冠状动脉病变的临床处理 复旦大学附属儿科医院 黄国英 gyhuang@shmu.edu.cn

  2. 2010年6月 完成初稿,广泛征求意见 2010年12月 第一次修改、讨论(上海) 2011年5月 第二稿征求意见 2011年9月 第二次修改、讨论 2011年12月 完成第三稿、研讨会(上海) 2012年3月完成第四稿 2012年6月定稿(广州) 2012年10月中华儿科杂志 发表

  3. coronary arterial lesions (CAL): CA ectasia 18.6%~26.0%CA aneurysm 3.1%~5.2% KD has become the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children (Hirata, 2002) 川崎病冠状动脉病变 Cardiac sequelae noted in 1970

  4. Cardiac sequelae of KD in Shanghai, China from 2003 through 2007 (n=1172) 0.3% 0.9% 1.4% 3.6% 4.3% 15.5% (Xie LJ, et al, CJCP 2009)

  5. 冠状动脉瘤的大小分型 (Japanese Circulation Sciety Joint Research Group. Pediatr Int 2005)

  6. 冠状动脉病变与川崎病的诊断 临床表现 1、发热持续5天或以上 2、双侧结膜充血(无渗出物) 3、唇及口腔所见:口唇绛红、皲裂、杨梅舌、弥漫性充血 4、皮肤改变:多形性红斑、皮疹 5、肢体末端异常 6、 颈部非化脓性淋巴结肿大,常为单侧,> 1.5 cm 诊断标准(修订第5版,日本,2002) : -上述症状 5 项以上; -4 项+冠状动脉瘤或扩张,除外其它疾病

  7. 不完全川崎病(incomplete KD) (1)6项主要症状中只有3项,但在病程中超声心动图或冠状动脉造影证明有冠状动脉瘤,多见于<6个月的婴儿或>8岁的年长儿 (2)6项主要症状中有4项,但超声心动图可见 冠状动脉壁辉度增强 参考项目:卡介苗接种处再现红斑;BPC显著增多;CRP、ESR明显增高;低蛋白血症或低钠血症 冠状动脉病变与川崎病的诊断

  8. 川崎病冠状动脉病变的诊断 EKG:Resting, exercise and Holter Chest X-ray:To observe cardiac shadow (enlargement due to ischemia) and calcification (giant aneurysm or stenotic lesions) Echocardiography:Resting, stress and others Radionuclide imaging:Thallium-201、Technetium-99 and others Cardiac catheterization and angiography Other imaging methods:CT, PET,MRI/MRA Blood test:CK-MB and cTnT/cTnI

  9. 超声心动图检测异常标准 日本卫生部冠状动脉扩张标准(1984) 5岁以下冠状动脉内径>3mm 或5岁以上冠状动脉内径>4mm 冠状动脉某一节段的内径超过相邻节段内径的1.5倍

  10. 冠状动脉内径正常值 根据体表面积校正的冠状动脉内径正常值回归公式

  11. 冠脉病变患儿冠脉储备下降 (Wu L, et al. CJEBP, 2008)

  12. 冠状动脉病变严重程度临床分级

  13. 冠状动脉病变的转归 Aneurysm shrinkage and regression: Observed in32~50% of patients, which occurred within 1~2 yr of illness Aneurysmal occlusion:16% of patients with medium-giant aneurysms have embolization, in which 78% occurred within 2 yrs. 2/3 of them are asymptomic but sudden death could happen Recanalization (segmental stenosis):New vessels after occlusion is seen in 14.8% of patients with CALs, in which 90% seen in RCA Localized stenosis:Seen in 4.7-12%,which occurred more commonly in LCA and its branches Coronary arteries with no aneurysm formation:but mild intimal thickening may be seen in some patients

  14. 川崎病冠状动脉病变的防治 IVIG administration to prevent CAL Anticoagulant therapy Interventional procedure CABG

  15. IVIG治疗KD的几种方案 lg/kg单剂 ※可能突然增加血液黏度, 增加血栓栓塞的风险[7] ※IVIG价格昂贵且药源有限 1g/(kg.d)*2d KD 2g/kg单剂 400mg/(kg.d)*5d [7] Baba R,Circulation,2005 IVIG最优剂量探索: 李永柏(1999) 2g/k g单次与1g /k g单次治疗KD效果无统计学意义 杜忠东(2006)2g/kg单次 优于1g(kg.d)*2d 存在争议 覃丽君 (2006)2g/kg单次与1g/kg单次治疗KD效果无显著差异 Sakata(2007)lg/kg单次 与2g/kg单次预防冠脉瘤的作用无差异 谢利剑(2010)病程5-10天予1g/kg.d×2d效果最佳

  16. 1682 KD pts from 50 hospitals in Shanghai included From Jan. 1998 through Dec. 2007 Males 1064, Females 618 Age: (2.57±2.33) years, (2 months ~ 18.8 years) Multicenter Study in Shanghai Diagnostic criteria for KD: The 7th World Congress of Pediatric Kawasaki Disease (Hahone, Japan, 2002)

  17. IVIG Administration: Shanghai Data

  18. IVIG无反应型KD 定义:发病10d内标准疗法治疗后48h, 体温仍高于38℃;或用药后2周内(2~7d)再次发热,并出现至少一项KD主要临床表现者 其他表述:耐药KD、 IVGG非敏感型KD 、 难治性KD等 Wallace CA.Pediatrics,2000,105(6):E78 Brogan Arch Dis Child,2002,86(4):286-90

  19. IVIG无反应型KD的处理 主要有以下几种方案: ①IVIG追加治疗:可再使用一剂IVIG2g/kg; ②肾上腺皮质激素治疗; ③免疫抑制剂:环孢霉素A、环磷酰胺治疗; ④其他:血浆置换、尿激酶,英夫利昔单抗。

  20. 冠状动脉病变的药物治疗 药物治疗目的 抑制血栓形成; 增加冠脉血流; 预防或解除冠脉痉挛; 降低心脏负担。

  21. 抗血小板药物

  22. 抗凝药

  23. 溶栓药

  24. Guideline for Catheter Intervention in KD • Patients: Ischemic findings or potential risk for ischemic events. • (LAD lesion) • Lesions: Significant, localized stenosis in single vessel. • Methods: Balloon angioplasty; <5yrs from onset. Rotational ablation; >10yrs from onset (calcification) Stent; >10yrs from onset. 5-10yrs: balloon or rotational ablation depend on the lesions • Not applicable: (may be indicated for bypass surgery) Multi-vessels disease. LMT stenosis. Long,segmental stenosis. Chronic total occlusion. Severe LV dysfunction  KD Research Committee,2001 (Chairman: H Kato)

  25. Interventional Treatment - Japan Experiences: follow-up 4.4yrs(4m-8y) • Balloon angioplasty(PTCA): 10 pts. • age: 6.8±3.1 yrs old (4.1yrs from onset) • success rate: total 50% (<5yrs from onset: 80%) • neo-aneurysm: 3pts. (30%) • restenosis: 2pts. (20%) • Rotational ablation: 12 pts. • age: 14.9±4.3 yrs old (13.1yrs from onset) • success rate: 11/12 (91 %) • neo-aneurysm: 1 (8.3%) • restenosis: 1 (9%) • Stent implantation: 7 pts. • age: 16.3±1.9 yrs old (13.3yrs from onset) • success rate: 6/7 (86 %) • neo-aneurysm: 0 • restenosis: 1 (16%) Ishii, Kato et al: Circulation 2002

  26. 冠状动脉移植手术 CABG指证 左冠脉主干严重梗阻 1支以上主要冠脉严重梗阻 左前降支近段严重梗阻 侧枝血管处于危险状态 CABG条件要求 拟通过移植血管灌注的心肌仍然具有活力 拟搭桥的血管远端没有显著病变

  27. 冠状动脉移植手术预后 冠状动脉损害需做搭桥手术者 1~2% 报道244例资料中,平均移植血管1.8条,平均手术年龄11岁 -12岁以后接受手术者,1年、5年和15年其冠脉通畅率分别为95%、91%和91% -12岁以下接受手术者,1年、5年和15年其冠状动脉通畅率分别为93%、73%和65%。 (Tsuda,2004)

  28. 术后死亡15例(6%) 围术期死亡仅1例,其余死亡大多发生于术后1年以上,有9例为猝死 左室射血分数(LVEF)低于40%者8例,术后死亡6例,占75% 心功能状态明显影响CAGB预后 (Tsuda,2004)

  29. Six KD pts with severe CAL underwent CABG and aneurysm size-reducing repair Clinically,2 had angina and 4 had heart failure All pts had ST-T changes in ECG ① ③ ② ④ Experiences in Fudan Children’s

  30. Five pts had satisfactory immediate results, but 1 died soon after surgery During f/u, LVEF gradually improved, but still lower than healthy children. One boy recurred typical KD at 6 months after CABG, w/o aggravation of CA assessed by ECHO Experiences in Fudan Children’s

  31. KD患者冠脉搭桥手术 5岁,男孩 反复心绞痛 LCA广泛闭塞 左室前壁心肌梗死 术前CFR=1.35 术后CFR=1.92

  32. 根据冠状动脉病变严重程度分级的随访建议

  33. 川崎病是儿童后天性心脏病的主要原因 冠状动脉病变是影响川崎病预后的主要因素 川崎病合并冠状动脉病变必须引起足够重视 川崎病合并冠状动脉病变已经有良好的诊治方法 建立行之有效的冠状动脉病变诊断/治疗/管理方案至关重要 结 语

  34. Children’s Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai, China

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