VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM IN PREGNANCY

1. VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM IN PREGNANCY BY Dr . YASSER AL-AHMADI

2. Introduction _ Thromboembolic diseases is a leading contributor tomaternal morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis or identifications of gravidas at risk for developing it enables obstetricians to initiate appropriate treatment or prophylaxis to optimize outcome formother and infant

3. Facts • VTE occur in 0.1-0.3% of the general population. • Incidence rises with age, 0.001 in childhood to 1% in • old age. • Higher in women than in men. • DVT usually manifest in the legs (popliteal, femoral • or iliac veins) • Less commonly in veins of the arm, retina, • mesentery… • Death from PE occurs in 1% of cases.

4. VTE & Pregnancy • _ VTE affects 0.05-0.3% of pregnancies • _ VTE is up to ten times more common in pregnant • women than in non pregnant women of the same • age and can occur at any stage of pregnancy but • the puerperium is the time of highest risk. • _ Prevalence higher >35years of age • _ DVT more common in left leg than right leg • _ Untreated DVT, 24% of patients will develop PE with • 15% mortality • _ Treated DVT reduce occurrence of PE to 4.5% with • 1% mortality.

5. VTE: Initiating Factors in Pregnancy Virchow’s triad: all factors exaggerated in pregnancy!!! _ Hypercoagulability: Estrogen stimulates hepatic production of clotting factors (V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII) and a decrease in activity of fibrinolytic system ( protein S and  activated protein C resistance) Venous stasis: mechanical compression on venous system by gravid uterus  venous distensibility compression of left common iliac vein by right iliac artery Vascular damage: ensues with separation of placenta and with C-sxn

6. VTE: Risk Factors in Pregnancy Some pts are more likely to develop VTE: -Age > 35 yrs -Parity > 3 -Operative vaginal deliver -C-sxn(especially if emergency) -Obesity (BMI > 80 kg) -Previous VTE (especially if idiopathic or known thrombophilia) -Other (less often cited): pre-eclampsia, smoking, sepsis, bed-rest

7. DVT Clinical Presentation • Only 30% present with the classic triad • (oedema, tenderness & erythema) • Up to 70% of reported venous thrombi are • silent. • O’Donnell et al found that clinical examination • had 88%sensitivity & 30% specificity. • Pregnancy makes it more difficult to diagnose.

8. Any woman with signs and symptoms suggestive of VTE should have objective testing performed • expeditiously and treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) (see section 6) until the • diagnosis is excluded by objective testing, unless treatment is strongly contraindicated.

9. Compression duplex ultrasound is the primary diagnostic test for DVT.7 If ultrasound confirms the diagnosis of DVT, anticoagulant treatment should be continued. If ultrasound is negative and a high level of clinical suspicion exists, the woman should remain anticoagulated and ultrasound repeated in 1 week or an alternative diagnostic test employed. If repeat testing is negative, anticoagulant treatment should be discontinued

10. When iliac vein thrombosis is suspected (backpain and swelling of the entire limb), MRV or conventional contrast venography may be considered.

11. PE clinical presentation

12. Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis • Where there is clinical suspicion of acute PTE a chest X-ray should be performed. Compression duplex • Doppler should be performed where this is normal. If both tests are negative with persistent clinical • suspicion of acute PTE, a ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) lung scan or a computed tomography pulmonary • angiogram (CTPA) should be performed. • Alternative or repeat testing should be carried out where V/Q scan or CTPA and duplex Doppler are • normal but the clinical suspicion of PTE is high. Anticoagulant treatment should be continued until PTE • is definitively excluded. • Women with suspected PTE should be advised that V/Q scanning carries a slightly increased risk of • childhood cancer compared with CTPA (1/280,000 versus less than 1/1,000,000) but carries a lower risk • of maternal breast cancer (lifetime risk increased by up to 13.6% with CTPA, background risk of 1/200 • for study population). • Where feasible, women should be involved in the decision to undergo CTPA or V/Q scanning. Ideally, • informed consent should be obtained before these tests are undertaken

13. Baseline blood investigations • Before anticoagulant therapy is commenced, blood should be taken for a full blood count, coagulation • screen, urea and electrolytes and liver function tests. • Performing a thrombophilia screen prior to therapy is not routinely recommended. When undertaken, • thrombophilia screens should be interpreted by clinicians (usually haematologists) with specific • expertise in the area.

14. Initial anticoagulant treatment of VTE in pregnancy • In clinically suspected DVT or PTE, treatment with LMWH should be given until the diagnosis is • excluded by objective testing, unless treatment is strongly contraindicated. • Meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials indicate that LMWHs are more effective, are • associated with a lower risk of haemorrhagic complications and are associated with lower • mortality than unfractionated heparin in the initial treatment of DVT in nonpregnant women.26,27 A • meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials has shown equivalent efficacy of LMWH to • unfractionated heparin in the initial treatment of PTE

15. In nonpregnant women, the recommended therapeutic doses of LMWH varies according to the manufacturer (enoxaparin 1.5 mg/kg once daily; dalteparin 10,000–18,000 units once daily depending on body weight; tinzaparin 175 units/kg once daily). In view of recognised alterations in the pharmacokinetics of dalteparin and enoxaparin during pregnancy, a twice-daily dosage regimen is recommended for these LMWHs in the treatment of VTE in pregnancy (enoxaparin 1 mg/kg twice daily; dalteparin 100 units/kg twice daily).

17. Should blood tests be performed to monitor LMWH therapy in pregnancy? Routine measurement of peak anti-Xa activity for patients on LMWH for treatment of acute VTE in pregnancy or postpartum is not recommended except in women at extremes of body weight (less than 50 kg and 90 kg or more) or with other complicating factors (for example with renal impairment or recurrent VTE) putting them at high risk (peak anti-Xa activity, 3 hours post-injection, of 0.5–1.2 units/ml)

18. How should massive life-threatening PTE in pregnancy be managed? Collapsed, shocked patients need to be assessed by a team of experienced clinicians, including the oncall consultant obstetrician, who should decide on an individual basis whether a woman receives intravenous unfractionated heparin, thrombolytic therapy or thoracotomy and surgical embolectomy. Intravenous unfractionated heparin is the preferred treatment in massive PTE with cardiovascular compromise. The on-call medical team should be contacted immediately. An urgent portable echocardiogram or CTPA within 1 hour of presentation should be arranged. If massive PTE is confirmed or, in extreme circumstances prior to confirmation, immediate thrombolysis should be considered. Maternity units should develop guidelines for the administration of intravenous unfractionated heparin. Management should involve a multidisciplinary resuscitation team including senior physicians, obstetricians and radiologists.

19. Intravenous unfractionated heparin is the traditional method of heparin administration in acute VTE and • remains the preferred treatment in massive PTE because of its rapid effect and extensive experience of its use • in this situation

20. One regimen for the administration of intravenous, unfractionated heparin is: • ● loading dose of 80 units/kg, followed by a continuous intravenous infusion of 18 units/kg/hour • ● if a woman has received thrombolysis (see below), the loading dose of heparin should be omitted and an • infusion started at 18 units/kg/hour • ● it is mandatory to measure activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) 4–6 hours after the loading dose, 6 • hours after any dose change and then at least daily when in the therapeutic range. The therapeutic target APTT • ratio is usually 1.5–2.5 times the average laboratory control value.

21. Additional therapies • What additional therapies should be employed in the management of VTE in pregnancy? • In the initial management of DVT, the leg should be elevated and a graduated elastic compression • stocking applied to reduce oedema. Mobilisation with graduated elastic compression stockings should • be encouraged. • Consideration should be given to the use of a temporary inferior vena caval filter in the perinatal period • for women with iliac vein VTE, to reduce the risk of PTE or in women with proven DVT and who have • continuing PTE despite adequate anticoagulation.

22. Anticoagulant therapy during labour and delivery • The woman taking LMWH for maintenance therapy should be advised that once she is established in • labour or thinks that she is in labour, she should not inject any further heparin. • Where delivery is planned, LMWH maintenance therapy should be discontinued 24 hours before • planned delivery. • Regional anaesthetic or analgesic techniques should not be undertaken until at least 24 hours after the • last dose of therapeutic LMWH. • A thromboprophylactic dose of LMWH should be given by 3 hours after a caesarean section (more than • 4 hours after removal of the epidural catheter, if appropriate). • The epidural catheter should not be removed within 12 hours of the most recent injection.

23. If spontaneous labour occurs in women receiving therapeutic doses of subcutaneous unfractionated heparin, • careful monitoring of the APTT is required. If it is markedly • prolonged near delivery, protamine sulfate may be required to reduce the risk of bleeding. Subcutaneous • unfractionated heparin should be discontinued 12 hours before and intravenous unfractionated heparin • stopped 6 hours before induction of labour or regional anaesthesia.

24. Are specific surgical measures required for anticoagulated women undergoing delivery by caesarean section? • In women receiving therapeutic doses of LMWH, wound drains (abdominal and rectus sheath) should • be considered at caesarean section and the skin incision should be closed with staples or interrupted • sutures to allow drainage of any haematoma.

25. Postnatal anticoagulation National guidelines in the UK recommend that, in nonpregnant patients, anticoagulant therapy should be continued for 6 weeks for calf vein thrombosis and 3 months for proximal DVT or pulmonary embolism when VTE has occurred in relation to a temporary risk factor and 6 months for a first episode of idiopathic VTE Neither heparin (unfractionated or LMWH) nor warfarin is contraindicated in breastfeeding.

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