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Introduction to Climate Change and the Clean Development Mechanism

Introduction to Climate Change and the Clean Development Mechanism Training Workshop: Project Formulation for the Clean Development Mechanism Hanoi, Vietnam September 30 – October 2. Important Dates in the History of Climate Change.

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Introduction to Climate Change and the Clean Development Mechanism

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  1. Introduction to Climate Change and the Clean Development Mechanism Training Workshop: Project Formulation for the Clean Development Mechanism Hanoi, Vietnam September 30 – October 2

  2. Important Dates in the History of Climate Change • 1988: Toronto Conference – climate change on policy agenda • 1990: First International Scientific Assessment • 1992: Signature of the UNFCCC • 1994: UNFCCC comes into force • 1997: Kyoto Protocol (CoP 3) • 2001: Third International Scientific Assessment • 2001: Marrakech Accords (CoP 7) – rules of implementation of Kyoto Protocol adopted

  3. IPPC Third Assessment Report (2001) • The Earth’s climate is warming and human activities are primarily responsible • Most socio-economic sectors, ecological systems and human health will be adversely affected by climate change, with developing countries being the most vulnerable • Technologies are available to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but policies and measures are needed to realize the technological potential

  4. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) • Ultimate objective of stabilizing global greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere • Developed countries aim to restore GHG emissions to 1990 levels • Support capacity building in, and facilitate technology transfer to developing countries to mitigate, and to adapt to climate change • Meet as a “Conference of Parties” in the future, consider progress

  5. Contributions to Global Warming

  6. The Kyoto Protocol 39 Developed Countries and Economies in Transition • agreed to reduce greenhouse gases by 5.2 % below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008-2012 • Reduction of greenhouse gases by 5.2 % below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008-2012 (~2800 - 4800 Mt CO2, including US) Status: Not yet in force • Marrakech Accord: Final decision text agreed in Nov 2001 • Coming into force: requires ratification of 55 Parties to UNFCCC representing 55 % of CO2 emissions (US constitutes 36 %) • Developed Countries/ EITs now considering ratification (except the US)

  7. Graphical Representation of the Kyoto Protocol GHG Emissions or “BUSINESS AS USUAL” GHG Emissions ton/ year for Annex B countries AVG: 1990-5.2% 2008 2012 1990: Base Year First Commitment Period;

  8. Which Policies and Measures can be Implemented by Annex B Countries? • Domestic Reductions • Carbon Sinks • International Credits (Kyoto Mechanisms): • International Emissions Trading • Project –Based: Joint Implementation • Project – Based: Clean Development Mechanism Supplementarity: (CoP 6 bis)“..domestic action shall constitute a significant element of the effort by each Party..”

  9. The Kyoto Mechanisms: International Emissions Trading and JI International Emissions Trading (IET) • Defined: trading of emission credits among developed countries • Russia may have large supply to sell Joint Implementation • Defined:credit for emission reduction investments in Annex B countries • Emission credits can be accrued as of 2000, but can only be issued/ transferred once country becomes a Party • Nuclear in JI: Parties are to “refrain from using..” • Sinks: All activities are eligible

  10. The Kyoto Mechanisms II: Clean Development Mechanism Defined: credit for emission reduction investments in developing (non-Annex B) countries Objectives: • To promote sustainable development in developing countries • To assist Annex B countries in meeting their emission reduction targets in cost-effective manner • Emission Reductions (ERs) must: • Create real, measurable, andlong-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change. (Art. 12.5b) • Be additional to any that would occur in the absence of the certified project activity. (Art. 12.5c)

  11. What is Additionality? • “Additionality” is the key eligibility criterion for CDM projects. • You must do something that you wouldn’t have done without the CDM • Interpreted as “environmental additionality”: Emission Reductions=hypothetical baseline emissions – effective (project) emissions

  12. What are the Eligibility Requirementsfor the CDM? Developing Countriesmust: • ratify the Kyoto Protocol >> to promote early coming into force of the Protocol • designate national CDM/JI focal point Developed countries (Annex B) must: • ratify the Kyoto Protocol • be in good standing with reporting requirements • Parties must be subject to compliance mechanism

  13. What are the Criteria for CDM Projects? • Sustainable development • Host country criteria • Environmental Impact Assessment • Stakeholder consultations • Emission reductions • Environmental additionality • Project viability • Technologically proven • Financially sound • Host country approval • Project validation and registration

  14. The Clean Development Mechanism - Other Key Features • Prompt Start: projects can already begin to generate emission reductions • Simplified procedures for small projects: • Renewable Energy Projects up to 15MW • Energy efficiency with reductions of 15GWh eq./year • Other projects of less than 15,000 t/CO2 per year • To be agreed by CoP8/2003 • Sinks in CDM: only afforestation and reforestation activities are eligible • Modalities by CoP9/2004 > manage the uncertainty • Nuclear in CDM:Parties are to “refrain from using..”

  15. What can the CDM do for you? • Attract foreign investment to countries engaged in the trading CERs • Increase the profitability of cleaner more efficient technology in energy, industry, and transport sectors • Clean up waste management operations • Improve land-use strategies and practice • Contribute to sustainable development of the host country

  16. Who can help you to develop a CDM project? • World Bank Carbon Finance Unit • Dutch CERUPT program • Development NGOs and consultants • UN Organizations (UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO) • Bilateral development organizations • Foreign companies

  17. Questions? http://www.prototypecarbonfund.org http://www.ipcc.ch http://www.unfccc.de

  18. Annex B Countries

  19. 2008-2012 GHG Emission targets (100 = 1990) Hungary 94 Iceland 110 Ireland 92 (113) Italy 92 (93.5) Japan 94 Latvia 92 Liechtenstein 92 Lithuania 92 Luxembourg 92 (72) Monaco 92 Netherlands 92 (94) New Zealand 100 Norway 101 Poland 94 Portugal 92 (127) Romania 92 Russian Federation 100 Slovakia 92 Slovenia 92 Spain 92 (115) Sweden 92 (104) Switzerland 92 Ukraine 100 UK 92 (94) USA 93 Australia 108 Austria 92 (87) Belgium 92 (92.5) Bulgaria 92 Canada 94 Croatia 95 Czech Rep. 92 Denmark 92 (79) Estonia 92 Finland 92 (100) France 92 (100) Germany 92 (79) Greece 92 (125)

  20. Hot Air

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