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Evolution of World Political History: Popular Sovereignty, Westernization, and Multipolar Dynamics

This analysis delves into the evolution of world political history during the 18th and 19th centuries, highlighting three significant themes: popular sovereignty, the westernization of the international system, and the emergence of a multipolar world. It examines how revolutions in America and France challenged divine monarchy, establishing democracies rooted in the principle that political power resides with the people. Additionally, it explores the impact of European colonial expansion and the shifting balance of power among major European states, culminating in significant geopolitical changes by the 20th century.

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Evolution of World Political History: Popular Sovereignty, Westernization, and Multipolar Dynamics

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  1. ETIT 102 - WEEK 6 Evolution of World Political History – 2(Part 1)

  2. The 18th & 19th Cent. : 3 Themes • Popular Sovereignty • Westernization of the International System • TheGrowth of theMultipolarSystem

  3. 1) Popular Sovereignty • Thepeopleclaimedthestateforthemselves. • Untilthis time, theprevailingbeliefwasthatkingsruledbydivinerightoverbothterritoryandpeople, whoweresubjects, not citizens. • Inspiredbytheage of Enlightment, TheAmerican (1776)andFrench (1789) revolutionschallangedthisphilosophy. • Democracieswereestablished on theprinciplethatultimatepoliticalpowerrestswithpeople, not themonarch. • Theconcept of nationalismtoincludemassidentificationwith/participation in theaffairs of thestate.

  4. PoliticalImplications of Revolutions • Democratic nationalism spread throughout Europe and steadily undermined monarchical government and its concept of divine right. • Nationalism and popular sovereignty were also undermined the basis of multiethnic/colonial empires (i.e.Ottoman, Austria-Hungary, Russia, British,etc.)

  5. 2) Westernization of the International System • Thedomination & shaping of theinternationalsystembythe West. • Thegrowth of Europeanpowers (Britain,France, etc.) tothrustoutwardandthetakecontrol of Americaandsomeparts of Asia/Africa/Middle East. • Theprocessaccelerated in the 19th cent, mainlyduetoindustrialrevolution.

  6. EuropeanColonization of Americas (1763)

  7. 3) TheGrowth of theMultipolarSystem • FromtheTreaty of Wesphalia (1648) throughthe mid-20th cent., multipolarsystemgovernedpoliticalrelationsamongtheglobally dominant majorEuropeanpowers. • Themultipolarsystem as markedbyshiftingalliancesdesignedtopreservethebalance of power.

  8. Diplomatsat the Congress of Vienna (1815)

  9. The national boundaries within Europe as set by the Congress of Vienna, 1815

  10. TheEvolving World System: TheTwentieth Century • The pace of world political evolution began to speed up even more by the beginning of the 1900s. • Nationalism & Democratic demands increasingly undermined the foundations of 1815 Vienna settlements; the multi-ethnic empires such as the Austo-Hungarian & Ottoman empires. • Unification of Germany and Italy in the late 19th cent. • Following WWI, many new states emerged such as Czechoslovakia, Poland & Yugoslavia, along with the ones in the Middle East and Africa.

  11. To be continued

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