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Federal dan Kesatuan

Federal dan Kesatuan. Harsanto nursadi. Unitary, Federal and Confederation. UNITARY Pada saat dibentuknya ada keinginan berbentuk kesatuan; terdapat persatuan ( union ) maupun ( unity ). Bersusun tunggal Dibawah satu pemerintah pusat

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Federal dan Kesatuan

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  1. Federal dan Kesatuan (C) HN 2012 Harsantonursadi

  2. Unitary, Federal and Confederation • UNITARY • Pada saat dibentuknya ada keinginan berbentuk kesatuan; terdapat persatuan (union) maupun (unity). • Bersusun tunggal • Dibawah satu pemerintah pusat • Pemerintahan subnasional mendapatkan kewenangannya untuk memerintah dari pemerintah pusat • Pemerintahan daerah dibentuk dan diberikan kekuasaan oleh pemerintah pusat; tidak ada pembagian kedaulatan (C) HN 2012

  3. Hanya ada satu badan pembentuk undang-undang • The supremacy of the central parliament and • The absence of the subsidiary sovereign bodies • Pemerintah daerah tidak boleh membentuk peraturan yang bertentangan dengan perundang-undangan pusat • Parlement yang dimiliki tidak selalu menganut dua kamar (bicameral) (C) HN 2012

  4. FEDERAL • Pada saat dibentuk menginginkan persatuan (union) tetapi tidak menginginkan kesatuan (unity) • Terdapat sejumlah Canton (Suisse); Coloni-State (USA); Province (Canada); Lander (Jerman) yang sangat terkait dengan lokalitas sejarah, ras dan lainnya sehingga membawa rasa kebangsaan yang sama • Berasal dari bahasa latin foedus yang berarti perjanjian; berjanji bersatu dalam satu kesatuan politik; tertuang dalam konstitusi federal. • Bersusun bertingkat: Federal (negara) dan Kesatuan-kesatuan politik yang bergabung • Terdapat dua badan legislatif (legislature) badan legislatif federal dan badan legislatif negara bagian (C) HN 2012

  5. Kekuasaan negara bagian diberikan-diatur oleh-pada konstitusi federal. Pembagian kekuasaan dengan cara • Konstitusi federal merinci kekuasaan pemerintah federal, sisanya yang disebut reserve powers dimiliki oleh negara bagian • Konstitusi federal merinci kekuasaan Negara Bagian, reserve powers-nya ada pada pemerintah federal • Terdapat lembaga yang dapat menyelesaikan konflik yang timbul antar negara bagian atau atar negara bagian dengan pemerintah federalnya • Negara federal berdaulat dalam lingkungannya sendiri yang ditentukan dan dibatasi • Negara bagian bukan korporasi bawahan dari pemerintah federal • Parlement selalu dianut sistem dua kamar (C) HN 2012

  6. CONFEDERERASI • Ikatan dari beberapa negara berdaulat • Dibentuk berdasarkan suatu perjanjian internasional diantara negara-negara yang berdaulat • Tidak dimaksudkan untuk membentuk negara baru yang berdaulat • Komponen-komponen negara konfederasi tetap suatu negara utuh, tidak menghilangkan kedaulatan negara-negara anggotanya • Warga negara yang bergabung dalam konfederasi tidak langsung terikat dengan peraturan organ-organ yang ada. (C) HN 2012

  7. Federal-Kesatuan • Lijphart (1984, dalam Work 2002: 7, Baldi 1999: 12) • Federalismeseringdiikutidengandesentralisasi, • Federalismebukanprasyaratuntukdesentralisasi . • Federalismemaupunsistemnegarakesatuandapatberkarakterdesentralisasiataupunsentralisasi. • Desentralisasidapatterjadipadasistemkenegaraan yang tidakmengenalfederalisme. • Azfar et.al. , (1999: 8) • negara federal tidakselamanyalebihterdesentralisasi. • terdapatkecenderunganbahwadinegara federal derajatsentralisasinyalebihrendahdibandingnegarakesatuan. (C) HN 2012

  8. Work (2002: 11): There is no broad-based generalisation that can be made about the correlation of federal/unitary states and decentralisation . • Smith (1985, dalamAzfar et.al. , 1999: 8) • Negarakesatuandapatmelakukandevolusiterhadapurusan-urusanpenting, yang memunculkanbentukbarunegarayakni semi-federal (quasi-federal arrangement). • Model inidapatbersifatseragam (uniform ) atautidakseragam (asymmetrical). (C) HN 2012

  9. Prasojo (2008) • Tidakmungkinterdapatsuatunegara yang sangatbersifatunitarisatausebaliknyasangatbersifatfederalis. • Elemenhubunganantarapusat dan daerahtidakbersifatmonosentris, melainkanpolisentrisbergerakdarisatukontinuumkekontinuumlainnya, darikontinuumunitariskekontinuumfederalis dan sebaliknya. • BodoDenewitz (dalamPrasojo, 2008) federalisme dan unitarismeadalahduakonsepkembar yang tidakmungkinmembicarakansatutanpamembicarakanyglainnya. • Basta (tanpatahun: 29) there is no completely unitary state. Every state is at least composed of municipalities as decentralized units . • Korelasiantarakonsepnegarakesatuandengannegara federal tidakbersifatdikhotomis, melainkanmembentuksebuahhubunganmatriks / kontinuum (C) HN 2012

  10. (C) HN 2012

  11. NEGARA-NEGARA FEDERAL Terdapat 24 negara Federal diDunia (C) HN 2012

  12. Federal republics • Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government. • Republic of Argentina (since 1852) • Republic of Austria • Federative Republic of Brazil (since November 15th, 1889) • Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1995) • Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961-1972) • Commonwealth of England (1649-1653) • Czechoslovakia (Czech and Slovak Federative Republic) (1969-1992) • Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (unitary republic 1974-1994; federal republic since 1994) • Federal Republic of Germany (since 1918) • Republic of Colombia (1819-1886), known as Great Colombia from 1819 to 1831, when it included present-day Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama. • Republic of India (since January 26, 1950) • United States of Indonesia (1949-1950) • United Mexican States[20] (since 1917) • Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (since 2007) • Federal Republic of Nigeria (1963 – 66:1st Republic, 1979 – 83: 2nd Republic, 1993: 3rd Republic, 1999 – present: 4th Republic) • Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956, Declaration of the Islamic Republic) • Russian Federation (since November 7, 1917; up to 1991 it was named Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991) • Swiss Confederation (since 1848) • Union of Myanmar • United Provinces of Central America (1823-1840) • United States of America(since 1789) • Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela • Yugoslavia: Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946-1963), Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963-1992), Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2003) (C) HN 2012

  13. NEGARA-NEGARA UNITARY Terdapat 148 negara Unitary diDunia (C) HN 2012

  14. UNITARY REPUBLIC • Republic of Acre (1st: 1899-1900; 2nd: 1900; 3rd: 1903) • Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (republic since 1973) • Republic of Albania (since 1946) • People's Democratic Republic of Algeria • Republic of Armenia (1st: May 28, 1918; Current: December 25, 1991) • Republic of Azerbaijan (1st: 28 May 1918; Re-established: 18 October 1991) • People's Republic of Bangladesh • Republic of Benin • Plurinational State of Bolivia • Republic of Botswana • Republic of Bulgaria (since 1946) • Burkina Faso • Republic of Burundi (since 1966) • Republic of Cameroon (unitary republic 1960-1961 and 1972-present; federal republic 1961-1972) • Republic of Cape Verde • Central African Republic (1958-1976; restored 1979) • Republic of Chad • Republic of Chile • People's Republic of China • Republic of Colombia (unitary republic since 1886) • Republic of the Congo • Democratic Republic of the Congo • Corsican Republic (1755-1769)[8] • Cospaia (1440-1826) • Republic of Costa Rica • Republic of Côte d'Ivoire • Republic of Croatia • Republic of Cuba • Republic of Cyprus • Czech Republic • Republic of Djibouti • Commonwealth of Dominica • Dominican Republic (1801-1861, 1844-present) • Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste • Republic of Ecuador • Arab Republic of Egypt (since 1953) • Republic of El Salvador • Republic of Equatorial Guinea • State of Eritrea • Republic of Ezo (1868-1869) • Republic of the Fiji Islands (since 1987) • Finnish Democratic Republic (1 December 1939 to 12 March 1940) • Republic of Finland (since 1919) (C) HN 2012

  15. Republic of Formosa (1895) • Independent Commune of Franceville (1889)[9] • French Republic (1st: 1792-1804; 2nd: 1848-1852; 3rd: 1870-1940; 4th: 1945-1958 and 5th, since 1958)[citation needed] • Gabonese Republic • Republic of The Gambia (since 1970) • Georgia • Republic of Ghana (since 1960) • Goust (since 1648) • Hellenic Republic (1st: 1822–1832; 2nd: 1924-1935; 3rd: since 1974) • Republic of Guatemala • Republic of Guinea[citation needed] • Republic of Guinea-Bissau[citation needed] • Co-operative Republic of Guyana (since 1970) is a "Co-operative Republic"[citation needed] • Republic of Haiti (1806-1849; restored 1859)[citation needed] • Republic of Hawaii (1894-1898) • Republic of Honduras • Republic of Hungary (since 1946) • Republic of Iceland (republic since 1944) • Republic of Indonesia (Unitary republic since August 1950) • Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979) • Republic of Iraq (since 1958) • Ireland (republic since 1949) • Israel (since 1948) [10] • Italian Social Republic (1943 - 1945)[11] • Italian Republic (since 1946) • Republic of Kazakhstan • Republic of Kenya (since 1964) • Republic of Kiribati • Kyrgyz Republic • Lao People's Democratic Republic (since 1975) • Republic of Latvia • Republic of Lebanon (November 22, 1943) • Republic of Liberia • Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (since 1969) • Republic of Lithuania • Lokot Republic (1941-1943) • Republic of Macedonia (1991-) • Republic of Madagascar • Republic of Malaŵi (since 1966) • Republic of Maldives (since 1968) • Republic of Mali (since 1960) • Republic of Malta (since 1974) • Republic of the Marshall Islands • Islamic Republic of Mauritania • Republic of Mauritius (since 1992) • Menton and Roquebrune (1848-1861) • Republic of Moldova • Mongolia (since 1924) • Republic of Montenegro (since 2006) • Republic of Mozambique • State of Muskogee (1799-1803) • Republic of Namibia • Republic of Nauru • Republic of Nicaragua • Republic of Niger • Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 1948) • Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956) • Republic of Palau • Republic of Panama • Republic of Paraguay • Republic of Peru • Republic of the Philippines (Thrice, two overlapping: First Philippine Republic (1898-1901), Commonwealth of the Philippines to the Fifth Republic of the Philippines (1934-present), Second Philippine Republic (1943-1945)) • Republic of Poland • Republic of Portugal (since 1910) • Romania (since 1947) (C) HN 2012

  16. Republic of Rwanda (since 1961) • Russian Republic (from September 14, 1917 up to November 7, 1917; de-facto - since February Revolution up to October Revolution) • Independent State of Samoa (since 2007) • Most Serene Republic of San Marino (since 301) • Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe • Republic of Senegal • Republic of Serbia • Republic of Seychelles • Republic of Sierra Leone (since 1971) • Republic of Singapore (since 1965) • Slovak Republic (1939–1945)[15] • Republic of Slovenia • Republic of Somalia • Republic of South Africa (since 1961) • Republic of Korea (since 1948) • Spain (Twice: First Spanish Republic (1873–1874), Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939)) • Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (since 1972) • Republic of the Sudan • Republic of Suriname • Syrian Arab Republic • Republic of China (Taiwan) (established 1912, current Constitution since 1947) • Republic of Tajikistan • United Republic of Tanzania • Republic of Texas (1836-1845) [16] • Togolese Republic • Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (since 1976) • Tunisian Republic (since 1957) • Republic of Turkey (republic since 1923)[17] • Republic of Turkmenistan • Republic of Uganda (since 1963) • Ukraine • Oriental Republic of Uruguay • Republic of Uzbekistan • Republic of Vanuatu • Vermont Republic (1777 - 1791)[18] • Socialist Republic of Vietnam • Republic of West Florida (1810) • Republic of Yemen (former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and Yemen Arab Republic) • Republic of Zambia • Republic of Zimbabwe, formerly Republic of Rhodesia (1970-1979) (C) HN 2012

  17. Confederal republics • Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defence and foreign affairs: • Confederate States of America (1861 - 1865) • State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003 – 2006) • Swiss Confederation (1848 – today) • United States of America (under the Articles of Confederation, 1776 – 1789) • Senegambia Confederation (1982 – 1989) (C) HN 2012

  18. Republik Indonesia Serikat (C) HN 2012 27 Desember 1949 sampai dengan 17 Agustus 1950

  19. (C) HN 2012

  20. Piagam Konstitusi RIS ditandatangani oleh para Pimpinan Negara/Daerah dari 16 Negara/Daerah Bagian RIS • Mr. Susanto Tirtoprodjo dari Negara Republik Indonesia menurut perjanjian Renville. • Sultan Hamid II dari Daerah Istimewa Kalimantan Barat • Ide Anak Agoeng Gde Agoeng dari Negara Indonesia Timur • R. A. A. Tjakraningrat dari Negara Madura • Mohammad Hanafiah dari Daerah Banjar • Mohammad Jusuf Rasidi dari Bangka • K.A. Mohammad Jusuf dari Belitung • Muhran bin Haji Ali dari Dayak Besar • Dr. R.V. Sudjito dari Jawa Tengah • Raden Soedarmo dari Negara Jawa Timur • M. Jamani dari Kalimantan Tenggara • A.P. Sosronegoro dari Kalimantan Timur • Mr. Djumhana Wiriatmadja dari Negara Pasundan • Radja Mohammad dari Riau • Abdul Malik dari Negara Sumatera Selatan • Radja Kaliamsyah Sinaga dari Negara Sumatera Timur (C) HN 2012

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