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Tissues

Tissues. Terms to know…. Tissue: A group of similar cells with a common embryonic origin . Histology: The science that deals with the study of tissues. Pathologist: A scientist who specializes in the diagnosis and examination of cells and tissues . The 4 Basic Tissue Types….

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Tissues

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  1. Tissues

  2. Terms to know… • Tissue: • A group of similar cells with a common embryonic origin. • Histology: • The science that deals with the study of tissues. • Pathologist: • A scientist who specializes in the diagnosis and examination of cells and tissues.

  3. The 4 Basic Tissue Types… • Epithelial tissue • Connective tissue • Muscular tissue • Nervous tissue

  4. Epithelial tissue… • Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, hollow organs and forms glands. • Consists of closely packed cells with little extracellular material between them, arranged in single or multiple sheets. • Has an apical (free) surface, that is open to a body cavity. • Has lateral surfaces, that face cells on either side. • Has a basal (deepest layer) surface, that is attached to a basement membrane that helps to bind and support the epithelium. • Is avascular ( a-= without, vascular= blood ) and lacks blood vessels. Materials are exchanged via diffusion. • Is subject to wear and tear and injury, so it has a high capacity for renewal by cell division.

  5. Lining and Covering Epithelial Forms the outer of the skin. Forms the outer covering of some internal organs. Lines body cavities, blood vessels. Interiors of several organ systems. Parts of the sense organs. Glandular Epithelial Forms the secreting portion of the glands, such as sweat glands. Two Types of Epithelial Tissue

  6. 4 Basic Shapes of Covering and Lining Epithelium • Squamous (= flat) Flat and attach to each other like tiles. Thinness allows for rapid passage of substances through them. (skin)

  7. 2)Cuboidal cells get their name from their shape. They may have microvilli on their free surface. Function: Secretion (sweat, mucus and enzymes) and Absorption (digested food in intestines).

  8. 3)Columnar cells are taller than wide. They protect underlying tissue and aid in secretion and absorption. ( gallbladder)

  9. 4) Transitional cells are able to change in shape from cuboidal to flat as organs stretch (distend) to a larger size and then collapse.This prevents the organs from rupturing. Ex. Bladder.

  10. Papanicolaou test: Pap smear A test to detect early changes in the cells of the female reproductive system. Sloughed off apical cells from the epithelium of the cervix and vagina are collected and microscopically examined. The Pap test in recommended annually for all women to aid in the detection of precancerous or cancerous cells.

  11. 2 Types of Glandular Epithelium Endocrine glands & Exocrine glands

  12. The function of glandular epithelium is secretion. A gland may consist of one or more groups of highly specialized epithelial cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface or into the blood. Glands may be either endocrine or exocrine.

  13. Endocrine glands(endo- = within/ -crine = secretion) Secrete hormones. Diffuse directly into bloodstream. Regulate metabolic and physiological activities. Ex. Pituitary gland

  14. Exocrine glands( exo- = outside) Secrete product into ducts that empty onto an apical (free) surface. Include mucus, perspiration, earwax, milk, saliva, oil and digestive enzymes. Picture 1: colon 2: active mammary gland

  15. Connective Tissue

  16. Features of connective tissue • Consists of cells and a matrix • Does not occur on free surfaces • Has a nerve supply and is highly vascular (rich in blood) • Vascular exceptions: cartilage & tendons

  17. Connective tissue cellsFibroblasts Aid in healing wounds.

  18. Macrophages macro- = large / -phages = eaters Develop from a type of white blood cell, are involved in the defense of body tissues.

  19. Mast Cells Produce histamine during an allergic reaction. Increase blood flow to injured areas.

  20. Adipocytes Also called fat cells, they contain large amounts of fats and oils. Fat cells are found under the skin and around organs. As a person gains weight the fat cells grow in size, not amount. Men carry fat in chest, abdomen and buttocks (apple) Female carry hips, breasts, waist, buttocks (pear)

  21. Liposuction

  22. Six types of connective tissue… Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue Cartilage Bone tissue Blood tissue Lymph

  23. Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Connective Tissue Adipose Connective Tissue Reticular Connective Tissue

  24. Dense Connective Tissue Provides strong attachment sites between structures (tendon) and strength. Makes up tendons, ligaments and deeper parts of the dermis of the skin, pericardium of the heart. Contains a liquid matrix called blood plasma, a straw colored liquid that is 90% water.

  25. Cartilage Consists of collagen and elastic fibers. Three types of cartilage include: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage. Function: Gives support and maintains shape. Location: epiglottis, external ear, auditory tubes.

  26. Bone tissue Bone tissue can be either compact or spongy. Bone tissue makes up the various bones in the body. Function: support, protection, storage, blood forming tissue

  27. Blood tissue (blood) Blood makes up 6-10% of body weight. Contains red blood cells (RBCs) that transport oxygen. White blood cells (WBCs) that are involved in phagocytosis, immunity and allergic reaction. Platelets which aid in blood clotting.

  28. Lymph • Lymph is a fluid that flows in the lymphatic vessels. It is a connective tissue that consists of several types of cells in a clear fluid.

  29. Muscle Tissue

  30. General characteristics… • There are 3 types of muscle tissue: smooth, skeletal and cardiac. • Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers, that generate force. • Muscle tissues produce motion, maintain posture and generate heat.

  31. Skeletal muscle • Usually attached to bones of the skeleton. • Striated(alternating dark and light bands) and voluntary (can be made to relax or contract by conscious control.) • A single skeletal muscle fiber can be 30-40 cm long.

  32. Cardiac Muscle • Forms the bulk of the heart wall. • It is striated and involuntary (cannot be consciously controlled). • Fibers are attached at intercalated discs. • Function: Pumps blood throughout the body.

  33. Smooth Muscle • Composes the walls of hollow internal structures (vessels, stomach, lungs). • Its contractions help to: constrict blood vessels, break down and move food along GI tract, eliminate wastes. • Smooth muscles are involuntary and nonstriated. • Pictures: smooth muscle fiber,colon cross section

  34. Nervous Tissue • Consists of 2 principle cells: neurons and neuroglia. • Neurons (nerve cells) are sensitive to various stimuli. • Location: nervous system • Function: Exhibits sensitivity to various types of stimuli, converts stimuli into nerve impulses and sends to muscle fibers, glands and other neurons.

  35. Structure of a Neuron

  36. Types of malignant cancer Picture 1: breast cancer Picture 2: lung cancer Picture 3: basal cell carcinoma of nose

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