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Explore the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, from a sickly child to becoming the youngest U.S. President. Learn about his "Modern Presidency" and Square Deal reforms to curb trusts, regulate railroads, ensure food safety, and conserve natural resources. Discover how Roosevelt used federal power to intervene in the 1902 Coal Strike and promote health and environmental regulations. His impact on civil rights at the turn of the 20th century is also highlighted, including his appointments of African Americans and the founding of the NAACP.

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  1. “Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal” Notes: Chapter 9 Section 3 NEXT

  2. SECTION 3 Image I.) A Rough-Riding President • The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt • 1. born 1858 in New York City & is sickly & asthmatic as child • 2. Life: • graduates from Harvard (1880) • elected New York Assembly (1881-1884) • retires to ranch in Badlands (1884-1887) • Civil Service Commission (1888-1895) • New York City Police Commissioner (1895-1897) • Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1897-1898) NEXT

  3. forms & joins “First U.S. Volunteer Calvary Regiment” (Rough Riders) during the Spanish-American War (1898) elected governor of New York (1898-1900) becomes Vice President under William McKinley (1900-1901) becomes President after assassination of McKinley (1901-1909) (youngest president at age 42) B. creates the “Modern Presidency” 1. cites federal responsibility for the national welfare 2. Square Deal: Roosevelt’s Progressive reforms to protect the common person against big business

  4. SECTION 3 II.) Using Federal Power A. Trustbusting 1. Problem: In 1900’s, trusts control about 4/5 of U.S. industries 2. Goal: Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public interest 3. “Trustbuster”: in 1902 orders Justice Dept. to sue Northern Securities Company (railroad monopoly) under the Sherman Antitrust Act Outcome: 1904 Supreme Court dissolves the company B. 1902 Coal Strike 1. Issue: coal miners in Pennsylvania go on strike 2. Problem: 5 months in coal reserves run low 3. Outcome: operators to accept arbitration after threat of take over 4. Importance: Sets principle of federal intervention when strike threatens public Continued . . . NEXT

  5. C. Railroad Regulation 1. Goal: federal regulation of the railroads 2. Problem: Interstate Commerce Commission has little power to enforce regulations 3. Outcome: Elkins Act (1903): stops rebates, sudden rate changes Hepburn Act (1906): limits passes, set maximum rates 4. Importance: government has more power to regulate railroads

  6. SECTION 3 III.) Health and the Environment A. Regulating Foods and Drugs 1. Problem: Upton Sinclair writes “The Jungle”: reveals unsanitary conditions in meatpacking industry 2. Issue: Roosevelt’s creates commission that investigates and backs up Sinclair’s account 3. Outcome: Meat Inspection Act (1906) passed by congress - dictates sanitary requirements - creates federal meat inspection program B. Pure Food and Drug Act 1. Problem: Food, drug advertisements make false claims; medicines often unsafe 2. Outcome: Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) passed by congress - halts sale of contaminated food, medicine - requires truth in labeling Continued . . . NEXT

  7. SECTION 3 Map C. Conservation and Natural Resources 1. Problem: U.S. Forest Bureau established in 1887 but stands by as private interests exploit natural environment 2. Outcome: Roosevelt sets aside more than 148 million acres for forest reserves, sanctuaries, national parks 3. Importance: U.S. belief is conservation part saved for preservation and part saved for development for public NEXT

  8. SECTION 3 Image IV.) Roosevelt and Civil Rights • A. Civil Rights at the Turn of the 20th Century • 1. Roosevelt’s terms as president make no civil rights reforms • 2. Appoints a few individual African Americans to civil service jobs • - invites Booker T. Washington to White House • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • (NAACP) founded 1909 by W. E. B. Du Bois & black/white reformers • Goal : full equality among races NEXT

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