Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century World Civilizations 4 th ed. Chapter 33

1. Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st CenturyWorld Civilizations 4th ed. Chapter 33 1914 to Present

2. Latin America After World War II • End of World War II saw stronger economies • Cold War inspires Marxist revolutionary agitation • Despite Coup, Peronism remains popular

3. Mexico and the PRI • Stability of PRI undercut by corruption and lack of social improvement • In 1995, Zapatista guerilla movement • Government negotiates NAFTA • Vicente Fox of the PAN party is elected - promises to end corruption and improve working conditions

4. Vicente Fox

5. Zapatistas

6. Radical Options in the 1950s • Radical unrest in several smaller countries • Mexico - increasingly conservative • Venezuela and Costa Rica - reform minded democrats in open elections • New post World War II revolutionaries look to Marxism as a guide • Government interest in order, not reform

7. Radical Options in the 1950s • Cold War ideological battle between Soviet Bloc and the West makes Socialist path dangerous • Failures of political democratization, economic development, and social reform throughout Latin America • Economy based solely on export crops

8. Guatemala: Reform and United States Intervention • Middle-class/labor elected Arevalo starts “spiritual socialism”. Fights foreign interests (UFC) • United States fears communist takeover, organizes military takeover of Guatemala • U.S.-friendly government reverses change

9. The Cuban Revolution: Socialism in the Caribbean • Cuba has large middle class, high literacy and health care levels • Batista’s reforms marred by corruption • Castro meets Ernesto “Che” Guevera, gathers military forces, gains strength • “26th July Movement” gains support • U.S. hostility, Soviet Union support, missile crisis, economic change fails

10. Fidel Castro

11. Ernesto “Che” Guevera

12. The Search for Reform and the Military Option • Programs based in Catholic, Marxist, and capitalist doctrines seek solutions • Liberation theology combines Catholic theology and socialist principles to seek social justice • Stress social equality as a form of personal salvation • Changing stance of church in Latin America provokes violence

13. Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take Power • Success of Cuban Revolution worried opponents of communist revolutionary change • Military forces had been involved in politics since caudillos in 19th century • Professionalized military began to see themselves as above selfish interests of political parties

14. Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take Power • Military establishments intervene directly in politics, fearing leftist shift • 1964 - Brazilian military (with U.S. support) overthrows elected president who promised sweeping reforms • 1973 - Chilean military overthrows Allende’s socialist government • Soldiers in power establish economic stability; place nationalist interest first

15. Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take Power • Policies formulated and applied by military styled bureaucracy • Goal of government was development; burden falls heaviest on working class • Industrialization increased, social situations stagnant • Peruvian reform policies successful

16. The New Democratic Trends • By the mid-1980s, government was returning to civilian politicians • Reduced threat of Cuban style communism • End of Cold War ends U.S. support for repressive anticommunist regimes • Shining Path, a leftist guerilla movement, interrupted Peruvian elections

17. The New Democratic Trends • A return of electoral democracy becomes widespread in Latin America • U.S. reaffirms its power in the region with capture of Noriega • Large foreign loans for development created huge debt, which caused inflation • Drug trade creates powerful cartels

18. Manuel Noriega

19. The United States and Latin America: Continuing Presence • After World War I, U.S. was predominant power in the hemisphere • Economies of Latin American countries closely tied to the United States • Banana Republics - friendly dictatorships • Foreign interventions lead to growing nationalist reactions

20. The United States and Latin America: Continuing Presence • Roosevelt introduces the Good Neighbor policy, promised to deal fairly • Cold War leads to changing U.S. strategy for Latin America • United States stemmed socialist spread by supporting democratic or anticommunist governments.

21. The United States and Latin America: Continuing Presence • Alliance for Progress aimed to develop regions economically • 1970-80’s: pragmatic U.S. policy • U.S. agreed to cede the Panama Canal to Panama

22. Societies in Search of Change • Social relations changed slowly, women granted more rights • Politicians and artists tried to identify and confront persistent problems • Social, racial, and gender relations changed slowly • Indians still looked down upon, but they are a recognized part of the Latin American culture

23. Slow Change in Women’s Roles • Most Latin American women gained suffrage in the 1940’s and 50’s • Latin American nations also feel the pressure of feminist organizations, as well as the international community • Greater equality for women by 1990s.

24. The Movement of People • High fertility and low mortality rates in the latter half of the century caused a population boom in Latin America • Major trend was immigration to Latin • Urban migration plays a large role • Huge urban centers in Mexico City, Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires

25. The Movement of People • Lack of jobs for the new onslaught of urbanization, shantytowns for housing • Horrible living conditions in favelas • Percentage of urban population is greatest of developing countries

26. Mexico City

27. Cultural Reflections of Despair and Hope • Latin America remains amalgamation of cultures and peoples • Catholicism is still dominant • Struggle for social justice, economic security, and successful political formulas is an inspiration for artistic creativity

28. Global Connections: Struggling Toward the Future in a Global Economy • Latin America still searches and struggles for economic growth, social justice, and political stability • The world economy has allowed Latin America to grow economically