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CHROMOSOME FUSION?. WHAT IS MOST STRIKING HERE?. Compare the Banding Patterns: 6 longest chromosomes of humans ( Hu ) , are matched with 7 chromosomes from three ape species . WHY COLORED TIPS?. Why are the chromosome tips colored?. CHROMOSOME PARTS. Head Telomere.
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WHAT IS MOST STRIKING HERE?
Compare the Banding Patterns:
6 longest chromosomes of humans (Hu),
are matched with 7 chromosomes from three ape species.
WHY COLORED TIPS?
Why are the chromosome tips colored?
CHROMOSOME PARTS
HeadTelomere
All Chromosomes have telomeres at their ends(like shoelace aglets!)
Centromere
TailTelomere
Telomeres have a unique DNA sequence…
ttagggttagggttagggttagggttagggttaggg…
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
aatcccaatcccaatcccaatcccaatcccaatccc…
Let’s Narrow Our Focus:
6 longest chromosomes of humans(Hu), matched with 7 chromosomes from chimpanzees ONLY (Ch)
MORE QUESTIONS…
Why are TWO shorter chimp chromosomes needed to matchour #2 chromosome?
Could our #2 chromosome have formed by the FUSION of TWO shorter chromosomes found in chimpanzees today (#12 and #13)? LIKE THIS…?
PREDICTION
Chimp
#13
Human
#2
If fusion occurred, then we should see DNA evidence of the head-to-head telomeres together near middle of our #2 chromosome
Chimp
#12
Fusion Area?
DNA
HeadTelomere
DNA Sequence for Telomeres:
ttagggttagggttaggg…
||||||||||||||||||
aatcccaatcccaatccc…
Centromere
NOTICE:
Tandem Repeats in Telomeres:
ttagggttagggttaggg…
||||||||||||||||||
aatcccaatcccaatccc…
Repeated 800-1600 timesin each Telomere
TailTelomere
EXPECTATIONS
- What will you look for?
- tandem repeats in fusion area
- Where will you look for them?
- middle of our chromosome #2
- How can you look for them?
- search online DNA database
- What if evidence is NOT found?
- fusion may not have happened
CHROMOSOME FUSION
- Read the lesson
- Do the lesson - Go online
- Discuss the results
- Explanation?
STOP HERECONTINUE ONLY AFTER DOING LESSONor if there’s no time to do the lesson
STOP HERE
(Results follow)
RESULTS
108061 agcacagacc tgggggtcac cgtaaaggtg gagcagcatt cccctaagca cagaggttgg
108121 ggccactgcc tggctttgtg acaactcggg gcgcatcaac ggtgaataaa atctttcccg
108181 gttgcagccg tgaataatca aggttagaga ccagttagag cggttcagtg cggaaaacgg
108241 gaaagaaaaa gcccctctga atcctgggca gcgagattct cccaaagcaa ggcgaggggc
108301 tgcattgcag ggtgagggtg agggttaggg tttgggttgg gtttggggtt ggggttgggg
108361 taggggtggg gttggggttg gggttggggt taggggtagg ggtaggggta ggggtagggt
108421 cagggtcagg gtcagggtta gggttttagg gttaggattt tagggttagg gtaagggtta
108481 agggttgggg ttggggttag ggttaggggt tagggttggg gttggggttg gggttggggt
108541 tggggttggg gttagggtta gctaaaccta accctaaccc ctaaccccaa ccccaacccc
108601 aaccctaccc ctacccctac ccctaacccc aacccccacc cttaaccctt aacccttacc
108661 ctaaccctaa cccaaaccct aaccctaccc taaccctaac ccaaccctaa ccctaaccct
108721 accctaaccc taacacccta aaaccgtgac cctgaccttg accctgaccc ttaaccctta
108781 accctaacca taaccctaaa ccctaaccct aaaccctaac cctaaaccct aaccctaaca
108841 ctaccctacc ctaaccccaa cccctaaccc ctaaccctaa ccctacccct aaccccaacc
108901 ccagccccaa cccttaccct aaccctaccc taacccttaa ccctaacccc taaccctaac
108961 ccctaaccct aaccctaccc caaccccaaa cccaacccta acccaaccct aacccctaac
109021 cctaacccct accctaaccc ctagccctag ccctagccct aaccctaacc ctcgccctaa
109081 ccctcaccct aaccctcacc ctcaccctaa cccaacgtct gtgctgagaa gaatgctgct
109141 ccgcctttaa ggtgcccccc aggtctgtgc tgaacagaac gcagctccgc cgtcgcagtg
109201 ccctcagccc gcccgcccgg gtctgacctg agaagaactc tgctccgcct tcgcaatagc
109261 cccgaagtct gtgcagagga gaacgcagct ccgccctcgc gatgctctcc ggctgtgtgc
109321 taaagagaac gcaactccgc cctcgcaaag gcggcgcgcc ggcggaggcg cggagaggcg
RESULTS CLARIFIED
108061 agcacagacc tgggggtcac cgtaaaggtg gagcagcatt cccctaagca cagaggttgg
108121 ggccactgcc tggctttgtg acaactcggg gcgcatcaac ggtgaataaa atctttcccg
108181 gttgcagccg tgaataatca aggttagaga ccagttagag cggttcagtg cggaaaacgg
108241 gaaagaaaaa gcccctctga atcctgggca gcgagattct cccaaagcaa ggcgaggggc
108301 tgcattgcagggtgagggtg agggttaggg tttgggttgg gtttggggtt ggggttgggg
108361 taggggtggg gttggggttg gggttggggt taggggtagg ggtaggggta ggggtagggt
108421 cagggtcagg gtcagggtta gggttttagg gttaggattt tagggttagg gtaagggtta
108481 agggttgggg ttggggttag ggttaggggt tagggttggg gttggggttg gggttggggt
108541 tggggttggg gttagggtta gctaaaccta accctaaccc ctaaccccaa ccccaacccc
108601 aaccctaccc ctacccctac ccctaacccc aacccccacc cttaaccctt aacccttacc
108661 ctaaccctaa cccaaaccct aaccctaccc taaccctaac ccaaccctaa ccctaaccct
108721 accctaaccc taacacccta aaaccgtgac cctgaccttg accctgaccc ttaaccctta
108781 accctaacca taaccctaaa ccctaaccct aaaccctaac cctaaaccct aaccctaaca
108841 ctaccctacc ctaaccccaa cccctaaccc ctaaccctaa ccctacccct aaccccaacc
108901 ccagccccaa cccttaccct aaccctaccc taacccttaa ccctaacccc taaccctaac
108961 ccctaaccct aaccctaccc caaccccaaa cccaacccta acccaaccct aacccctaac
109021 cctaacccct accctaaccc ctagccctag ccctagccct aaccctaacc ctcgccctaa
109081 ccctcaccct aaccctcacc ctcaccctaa cccaacgtct gtgctgagaa gaatgctgct
109141 ccgcctttaa ggtgcccccc aggtctgtgc tgaacagaac gcagctccgc cgtcgcagtg
109201 ccctcagccc gcccgcccgg gtctgacctg agaagaactc tgctccgcct tcgcaatagc
109261 cccgaagtct gtgcagagga gaacgcagct ccgccctcgc gatgctctcc ggctgtgtgc
109321 taaagagaac gcaactccgc cctcgcaaag gcggcgcgcc ggcggaggcg cggagaggcg
HEAD 13
HEAD 12
See where the head-to-head fusion occurred?
WHY THE SUDDEN CHANGE?
108361 taggggtggg gttggggttg gggttggggt taggggtagg ggtaggggta ggggtagggt
108421 cagggtcagg gtcagggtta gggttttagg gttaggattt tagggttagg gtaagggtta
108481 agggttgggg ttggggttag ggttaggggt tagggttggg gttggggttg gggttggggt
108541 tggggttggg gttagggtta gctaaaccta accctaaccc ctaaccccaa ccccaacccc
108601 aaccctaccc ctacccctac ccctaacccc aacccccacc cttaaccctt aacccttacc
108661 ctaaccctaa cccaaaccct aaccctaccc taaccctaac ccaaccctaa ccctaaccct
108721 accctaaccc taacacccta aaaccgtgac cctgaccttg accctgaccc ttaaccctta
HEAD 13
HEAD 12
Why do the TANDEM REPEATS suddenly changefromttaggg to ccctaa?
Why so many slight variations in the number of t’s, a’s, g’s, and c’s in each repeat?
DO THE LESSON, and find out!
WHY SO FEW REPEATS?
108241 gaaagaaaaa gcccctctga atcctgggca gcgagattct cccaaagcaa ggcgaggggc
108301 tgcattgcagggtgagggtg agggttaggg tttgggttgg gtttggggtt ggggttgggg
108361 taggggtggg gttggggttg gggttggggt taggggtagg ggtaggggta ggggtagggt
108421 cagggtcagg gtcagggtta gggttttagg gttaggattt tagggttagg gtaagggtta
108481 agggttgggg ttggggttag ggttaggggt tagggttggg gttggggttg gggttggggt
108541 tggggttggg gttagggtta gctaaaccta accctaaccc ctaaccccaa ccccaacccc
108601 aaccctaccc ctacccctac ccctaacccc aacccccacc cttaaccctt aacccttacc
108661 ctaaccctaa cccaaaccct aaccctaccc taaccctaac ccaaccctaa ccctaaccct
108721 accctaaccc taacacccta aaaccgtgac cctgaccttg accctgaccc ttaaccctta
108781 accctaacca taaccctaaa ccctaaccct aaaccctaac cctaaaccct aaccctaaca
108841 ctaccctacc ctaaccccaa cccctaaccc ctaaccctaa ccctacccct aaccccaacc
108901 ccagccccaa cccttaccct aaccctaccc taacccttaa ccctaacccc taaccctaac
108961 ccctaaccct aaccctaccc caaccccaaa cccaacccta acccaaccct aacccctaac
109021 cctaacccct accctaaccc ctagccctag ccctagccct aaccctaacc ctcgccctaa
109081 ccctcaccct aaccctcacc ctcaccctaa cccaacgtct gtgctgagaa gaatgctgct
109141 ccgcctttaa ggtgccccccaggtctgtgc tgaacagaac gcagctccgc cgtcgcagtg
HEAD 13
HEAD 12
Count the TANDEM REPEATS in both telomere segments.
(only about 37 ttaggg repeats in Head 13; about 88 ccctaa repeats in Head 12)
Should be 800 to 1600 repeats, so…Why so many FEWER than typically found in telomeres?
DO THE LESSON and find out!
Re-Check Banding Patterns
Compare other chromosomes online: Human with Chimp, Dog…
MULTIPLE EVIDENCE
- Compare hominoid chromosomes
- Compare hominoid skulls
- Study pattern of hominid chronology
- Compare primate hemoglobins
What do ALL of these patterns suggest?
DO THE LABS!
