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Gregorian Reforms

Gregorian Reforms. 1073-1085. East-West split: The Great Schism. 1054 Causes Political/cultural Doctrinal Western addition to the creed: Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father “and the Son” (Latin: filioque) Ecclesiological Primacy of bishops together v. growing authority of Bishop of Rome.

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Gregorian Reforms

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  1. Gregorian Reforms 1073-1085

  2. East-West split: The Great Schism • 1054 • Causes • Political/cultural • Doctrinal • Western addition to the creed: Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father “and the Son” (Latin: filioque) • Ecclesiological • Primacy of bishops together v. growing authority of Bishop of Rome

  3. Development of Papacy • Up to 300s/400s: Five Patriarchs • Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria • Bishop of Rome is “first among equals” • first in honor, as successor to Apostle Peter, who died at Rome • works in cooperation with other bishops • Other titles: Vicar of Peter (ca. 300), Vicar of Christ (ca. 1150) • 400s onward • Weakening of Roman political authority led to increasing church authority • Pope Gelasius I: political power is subordinate to spiritual power • Post-1054 • Bishop of Rome only Patriarch in West

  4. Background to Gregorian Reforms • Need for reform • Lay investiture • Simony • Nepotism • Stand off between Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII • Pretty nasty on both sides • Question: who had authority over the other? • Could Gregory excommunicate Henry? • Could Henry depose Greg as pope?

  5. Henry and Greg: what went wrong • Henry appointed bishops in Germany and Italy • 1076: Henry convened German bishops to depose Pope Gregory • Pope Greg excommunicates Henry • released king’s subjects from their oath of fealty • 1077-1080: Greg absolves Henry • Henry gets dirty again • Greg excommunicates again • Henry convenes HRE bishops • Depose Greg and elect another pope • 1084: Henry seizes Rome • Romans elect HRE pope as their pope, Clement III • Clement crowned Henry as emperor in St. Peter’s • French come into Rome to rescue Gregory, but he died in exile

  6. Gregory VII (pope 1073-85) • Spiritual authority above secular authority • Concerns salvation • Has sacramental power [322] • Secular authority is dirty • Uses pride, plunder, treachery, and murder to gain power [321] • Dangerous, few find salvation [322] • Send thousands to death in war, out of desire for glory [323] • Good Christians more like kings than evil princes are • Spiritual authority divinely given • By Jesus to Peter • Affirmed by popes • Gregory I (ca. 600) , Ambrose (ca. 380) excommunicated kings

  7. Legacy • Reforms corrected abuses • But in time, abuses of these new reforms arose • Papacy became a legalistic monarchy with MUCH more authority • Developed bureaucracy in Rome (the Curia) • 1302: actually claimed temporal authority, too • Clerical celibacy created further problems by 1500s • Addressed in Protestant and Catholic reformations of 1500s • Also at Vatican II (1962-65)

  8. For next time • Spiritual writing • Francis of Assisi • What is his “conversion” story? What gestures does he use to signify change? What does he give up? • How is his spirituality different from what we have seen? • How does he interpret “imitation of Christ”?

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