不得不熟知的小词

1. 不得不熟知的小词

2. 引出新事物 关键词: called/known as/named/refer to as ... 定义+功能/特征 TPO26.2.10 What is the professor’s opinion about the name “parabolic-orbit comets” ? A. It is not widely accepted among astronomers B. It is probably not strictly accurate C. It is not a term that the students need to learn D. It will probably be replaced soon with a new name

3. 引出新事物 We’ve seen comets do that, going toward the Sun and then come back around, torn into pieces, but lots of comets aren’t like that. They come in, pass behind the Sun, and then travel back out. But with an orbit so large, and its farthest place so far away from the Sun that we just don’t know how far out it goes. We just can’t determine that very accurately from the close-in part of the orbit that we do see. So these are often calledparabolic-orbit comets. 现象+结论 Parabolic means the orbit is open at the far end. Actually the orbit probably does close and return the comet to the vicinity of the Sun eventually, but the period might be tens of thousands of years. And basically, we can’t determine it. So we just, we refer tothem as open-ended parabolic-orbit comets. 进一步解释+重申结论

4. 似乎&好像 关键词: appear/seem+that/to; look like/as if/as though 委婉表述说话人观点 TPO8.1.08 What does the professor illustrate with the example of the blue warbler? A. The relationship between human activity and habitat loss B. The relationship between habitat and reproductive success C. The advantages of habitats with low vegetation density D. The reproductive advantage that young warblers have over older warblers

5. 似乎&好像 Well, let’s look at the blue warbler. The Blue warbler is a songbird that lives in the North America. They clearly prefer hard wood forests with dense shrubs, bushes underneath the trees. They actually nest in the shrubs, not the trees. So they pretty close to the ground, but these warblers also nest in the forests that have low shrub density. It is usually the younger warblers thatnest to the area because the preferred spots where there are a lot of shrubs are taken by the older, more dominant birds. And the choice of habitat seems to affect the reproductive success. 现象=>貌似有理的结论 Becausethe olderand more experienced birds who nest in the high density shrub areas have significantly more offspring than those in low density areas, which suggests that the choice of where to nest doeshave an impact on the number of chicks they have. 高度概括现象=>确凿的结论

6. 前否后肯 关键词: not..., ... 前后两句话结构一样,只是前半句否定,后半句肯定 TPO23.1.09 According to the professor, why is it unusual to discover a bronze artifact from ancient Greece? A. Bronze objects were often recycled. B. Bronze corrodes underwater very quickly C. Ancient Greeks had limited access to bronze D. Artists of ancient Greece preferred to work with other materials

7. 前否后肯 Now, it’s not that bronze was all that rare in Greece then, it’s just that bronze was valuable and could easily be recycled. 通过先抑后扬的方式给出观点 It would’ve been relatively easy for a person with knowledge of metals to melt down bronze objects and forge them into … well, say, coins. Bronze was used to made money back then ormold the bronze into anything else of value for that matter. 通过举例的方式证明自己的观点: 铜能被很轻易地循环利用.

8. 实际上 关键词: the thing is 意思等同于actually/ in fact 常在学生盲目乐观时出现 TPO19.1.15 What does the professor imply is an advantage of optical astronomy over radio astronomy? A. It allows for more precise observations. B. It is better for making observations within our own galaxy. C. It requires less sophisticated equipment D. It is not affected by the weather

9. 实际上 Student Ok, then we might as well give up on optical astronomy and go with radio astronomy. Professor Well, the thing is, with the radio astronomy, you can’t just set up a telescope in your backyard and observe stars. One problem is that radio waves from these far away objects, even though they can get through, are extremely faint. 注意把握the thing is后面的停顿调整好抓词的状态

10. 教授感到新奇的内容 关键词: interesting(ly), strange, peculiar TPO18.2.15 What are two points the professor makes about the thawing process of the wood frog? Click on 2 answers. A. The thawing process is not fully understood. B. The thawing process takes longer than the freezing process. C. The frog's internal organs thaw before its outer skin thaws. D. Thawing occurs when the frog's heart begins pumping glucose through its body

11. 教授感到新奇的内容 Student And does the thawing process have some kind of trigger, as well? Professor Well, we are not sure actually, the peculiarthing is even though the sun is warming the frog up on the outside, its inside thaw out first, the heart and brain and everything. But somehow it all just happens that way every spring.

12. 情况是 关键词: what happens/what you do is that..., and...and... 此处常出排序/判断题 TPO24.2.04 In the conversation, the professor describes the process that causes lake-effect snowstorms. Indicate whether each of the following is a step in the process (YES/NO) A. Arctic air blows across a lake and picks up moisture B. Cold air temperatures cause lake water to freeze C. Frozen lake water cools the air above it D. Water vapor condenses and becomes snow E. Warm air rises when it reaches the shore

13. 情况是 Professor: What happens is that the cold arctic air blows across the lake from the north in winter. And as the air crosses the lake, the lower layer is warmed by the lake water, which is much warmer than the arctic air. And as this air is warmed and picks up moisture, it becomes lighter than the air above it. Student: So it starts to rise, right? Professor: Yes. Andclouds begin to form. When the air gets close to the shore, it's slowed down by the land and starts to pile up. So it rises even faster because it has nowhere else to go, that's where topography comes into the picture. Student: And then it snows because as the air rises, it cools off and loses its capacity to hold water vapor. Professor: That’s right. 注意根据and等连词给划分清步骤

14. 直到 关键词: (not...) until 标志出现转折情况 TPO18.1.08 Which hypothesis regarding sunspots did Galileo challenge? A. Sunspots are shadows of planets crossing the Sun. B. Sunspots are clouds in the solar atmosphere. C. Sunspots are evidence of the Sun’s rotation. D. Sunspots are evidence of magnetic fields.

15. 直到 So the opinion was the spots were actually something else, like shadows of planets crossing the Sun's face. And this was the thinking of European astronomers until the introduction of the telescope, which brings us to our old friend, Galileo. 听到表观点的词时应把对应观点简单记下. 听到until后可在笔记上打叉并指向Galileo, 标注出转折出现在”G”上面

16. 教授强调推荐的内容 关键词: I want you to .../ stress 教授特意强调的为重点 TPO4.1.17 Why does the professor say this？ A. To suggest that United States citizens have not changed much over time B. To encourage the class to find more information about this time period. C. To explain why Emerson’s essay has lost some relevance. D. To provide background for the concept he is explaining.

17. 教授强调推荐的内容 When you are reading, I want you to think about that and why that kind of thought would be relevant to the readers of his time. 先要学生沿着时代背景的思路思考 Remember this is 1838, ‘Self-Reliance’ was a novel idea at the time and the United States’ citizens were less secure about themselves as individuals and as Americans. 介绍时代背景,加深认识

18. 语气词 关键词: you know, I mean, well, um 语气词后往往引出重点内容 TPO26.2.01 Why does the student go to see the professor? To obtain notes from a class she missed To discuss a conference she attended To ask about a possible topic for a research paper To clarify information about volunteering in the community

19. 语气词 Professor: Well, bioluminescence serves a number of functions. Most aquatic organisms use it for communication and for attracting prey, but jellyfish usually use it as a defense against predators. Some jellyfish produce bright flashes of light that confuse predators, to, uh, to startle them. But jellyfish closer to the surface, probably like the jellyfish you saw, they use bioluminescence to hide. The light they produce matches the color of the dim sunlight, so they blend in, and, uh, and predators can’t see them. Student: Wow, really? Well, I am looking for a topic for my term paper, so maybe I could do it on these glowing jellyfish. That’s why I wanted to ask you about them, you know, to find out if there was really something to write about．

20. 笔记要点 对话类题目: 1).记清对话目的 Eg: Excuse me, I’m wondering … . Can you help me with something? 2).记清说话人的难处及问题 Eg: I’m actually here about … . I have a question about … . 3).记清建议和解决方案 Eg: So/I suggest/You’ll probably see/Why don’t you?/ Maybe, etc. 4).记清语气语调的变化

21. 笔记要点 讲座类题目: 1).记文章主题 (第一段) 2).记段首/尾 (承上启下) 3).记问题 (推进内容发展) 4).记特殊句式 (强调作用) 5).对连接词语敏感 (转折/因果/比较) 6).记数字(点出要点) 7).记例子(支持论点&具体说明)