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Chapter 3 – States of Matter

Chapter 3 – States of Matter. I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases. 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases. I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases. A. Describing the states of matter. What are the three most common states of matter?. Solid Liquid Gas.

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Chapter 3 – States of Matter

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  1. Chapter 3 – States of Matter

  2. I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases

  3. 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases A. Describing the states of matter. What are the three most common states of matter? • Solid • Liquid • Gas How would you describe what these states are to someone who didn’t know?

  4. 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Atoms in a solid are packed close together in an orderly arrangement A. Describing the states of matter. 1. Solids - definite shape - definite volume

  5. I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Atoms in a liquid are free to move around one another A. Describing the states of matter. 2. Liquids - variable shape (takes shape of container) - definite volume

  6. I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Atoms in a gas are far apart from one another and free to move around A. Describing the states of matter. 3. Gases - variable shape (takes shape of container) - variable volume (fill container)

  7. I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) A. Describing the states of matter. 4. Other states of matter Plasmas

  8. I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases B. Kinetic Theory kinetic energy (KE) – energy an object has due to its motion the faster an object moves the more kinetic energy it has • all particles of matter in constant motion • the particles in all matter are attracted to one another

  9. I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Kinetic Theory

  10. I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases variable volume variable shape C. Explaining the Behavior of Gases gas particles have a great deal of kinetic energy constant motion allows a gas to fill its container the particles are moving too fast for attractions to have any effect

  11. I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases definite volume variable shape D. Explaining the Behavior of Liquids liquid particles have less KE than gas particles liquid particlesare more closely packed compared to a gas there is a tug-of-war between particle motion and particle attraction

  12. I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases definite volume definite shape E. Explaining the Behavior of Solids solid particles have the least KE solid particles very closely packed solid particles only vibrate around fixed positions

  13. I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases

  14. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws A. Pressure - force distributed over an area - measured in Pascals (N/m2)

  15. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws The atmosphere’s pressure is measured using a barometer.

  16. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws

  17. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws Collisions of gas particles with container walls cause pressure

  18. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws Basketball goes flat after using it for awhile in the cold weather, until you warm it up B. Factors affecting gas pressure (there are 3) 1. Temperature - higher T, greater pressure - increased temperature increases KE of particles - particles move faster, collide with walls more

  19. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws As the volume is decreased the air pressure inside is increased 3 factors affecting gas pressure 2. Volume - lower V, greater pressure - decrease volume, particles collide with walls more often

  20. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws As more particles are added the pressure increases 3 factors affecting gas pressure 3. Number of particles - more particles, greater pressure - more particles to collide with walls more often

  21. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws C. Charles’s Law – The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature in Kelvins - as temperature increases, volume increases

  22. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws Charles’s Law Absolute zero – 0 Kelvin (can’t get any colder)

  23. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws D. Boyle’s Law – The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure - as volume decreases, pressure increases

  24. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws Boyle’s Law

  25. Algebra Practice • AB = XY Solve for X • 4B = X-Y Solve for X • 2AB = XY Solve for A • A = X Solve for A B Y • A = X Solve for X B Y

  26. Algebra Practice = AB / Y = 4B + Y = XY / 2B = BX / Y = AY / B • AB = XY Solve for X • 4B = X-Y Solve for X • 2AB = XY Solve for A • A = X Solve for A B Y • A = X Solve for X B Y

  27. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws E. Combined Gas Law - a combination of Charles’ and Boyle’ Laws P1V1 = P2V2 T1 T2

  28. Units Pressure: Pascals (Pa) OR atmosphere (atm) Volume: Liters (L) OR meters cubed (m3) Temperature: Celsius (C) OR Kelvin (K)

  29. The Gas Laws • V1 = V2 T1 T2 • P1 V1 = P2 V2 • P1 V1 = P2 V2 T1 T2 Charles’s Law Boyle’s Law Combined Gas Law

  30. Solving Gas Law Problems • Write the name of the law that applies. • Write a description what is happening in the problem. • Write the equation of the law that applies. • Plug in all known values into the equation • Solve the equation

  31. Solving Gas Law Problems • Write the name of the law that applies. • Write a description what is happening in the problem. • Write the equation of the law that applies. • Plug in all known values into the equation • Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!)

  32. Solving Gas Law Problems • Write the name of the law that applies. • Write a description what is happening in the problem. • Write the equation of the law that applies. • Plug in all known values into the equation • Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) Charles’s Law (relates T and V) Boyle’s Law (relates P and V)

  33. Solving Gas Law Problems • Write the name of the law that applies. • Write a description what is happening in the problem. • Write the equation of the law that applies. • Plug in all known values into the equation • Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) Charles’s Law (relates T and V)

  34. Solving Gas Law Problems • Write the name of the law that applies. • Write a description what is happening in the problem. • Write the equation of the law that applies. • Plug in all known values into the equation • Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) Volume getting bigger, temperature changing

  35. Solving Gas Law Problems • Write the name of the law that applies. • Write a description what is happening in the problem. • Write the equation of the law that applies. • Plug in all known values into the equation • Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) V1 = V2 T1 T2 • P1 V1 = P2 V2

  36. Solving Gas Law Problems • Write the name of the law that applies. • Write a description what is happening in the problem. • Write the equation of the law that applies. • Plug in all known values into the equation • Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) V1 = V2 T1 T2

  37. Solving Gas Law Problems • Write the name of the law that applies. • Write a description what is happening in the problem. • Write the equation of the law that applies. • Plug in all known values into the equation • Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) 3.00 = 5.00 300 T2

  38. Solving Gas Law Problems • Write the name of the law that applies. • Write a description what is happening in the problem. • Write the equation of the law that applies. • Plug in all known values into the equation • Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) 3.00 = 5.00 300 T2 T2 = 300(5.00) 3.00 3.00(T2) = 300(5.00)

  39. Solving Gas Law Problems • Write the name of the law that applies. • Write a description what is happening in the problem. • Write the equation of the law that applies. • Plug in all known values into the equation • Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) T2 = 500

  40. Solving Gas Law Problems • Write the name of the law that applies. • Write a description what is happening in the problem. • Write the equation of the law that applies. • Plug in all known values into the equation • Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) T2 = 500 K

  41. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws E. Combined Gas Law P1V1 = P2V2 T1 T2

  42. Section 3.2

  43. Section 3.2

  44. Section 3.2

  45. Section 3.2

  46. Section 3.2

  47. Section 3.2

  48. Section 3.2

  49. Section 3.2

  50. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws Riding on Air What gases have been used in balloons that carry passengers? Why do the particles of a gas inside a balloon fill the entire balloon? What causes a hot-air balloon to lift off and rise from a surface? Why did Piccard design the balloon so that it could become airborne when it was only partially filled? Why must the air pressure inside the cabin be controlled?

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