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Biological Anthropology

Explore the intricate world of cells, DNA, and proteins in biological anthropology. Learn about cell division, DNA replication, protein synthesis, and genetic inheritance. Unravel the mysteries of chromosomes and the genome.

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Biological Anthropology

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  1. Biological Anthropology On Cells, DNA, and Proteins

  2. Cell Theory • A set of explanatory principles used to understand cells • Cells are the smallest unit of life • Consist of smaller (non-alive) parts: organelles

  3. A Cell

  4. Two Types of Cells Somatic cells • The vast majority of cells in our bodies • Reproduce through mitosis Sex Cells (gametes) • Only found in ovaries and testes • Reproduce through meiosis

  5. Two Types of Cell Division Mitosis • Occurs in somatic cells • Produces 2 daughter cells • Genetically identical • diploid Meiosis • Occurs in sex cells (gametes) • Produces 4 daughter cells • Genetically unique • haploid

  6. Mitosis • Asexual reproduction • Occurs in somatic cells • Produces 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells

  7. Meiosis • Occurs in sex cells (gametes) • Produces 4 daughter cells • Genetically unique • haploid

  8. Crossing-Over 6 5 # of fingers 6 5 cerumen wet dry dry wet A O ABO group A O

  9. Cell Division Mitosis Meiosis

  10. Karyotype • Species-specific set of chromosomes • Differs from species to species in terms of • The number of chromosomes • The sequences of genes contained in the chromosomes

  11. Human karyotype • 46 chromosomes • Arranged in 23 pairs • 1 set from each parent

  12. Human karyotype • Autosomes • Pairs 1-22 • Are homologous • same length • same sequence of genes (may be different alleles)

  13. Human karyotype • Sex chromosomes • Pair 23 • X & Y X longer than Y • XX – homologous • XY – partially homologous

  14. So what’s in a chromosome?

  15. Let’s take a look!

  16. A chromosome contains genes

  17. and genes contain…Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Present in all living organisms • Amount varies from organism to organism • Species can read each others’ DNA

  18. DNA • Sugar-phosphate backbone” • Bases are “rungs” adenine = thymine cytosine = guanine

  19. Genome the total DNA/genes of a species • Homo sapiens • app. 3,000,000,000 DNA bases • 35,000 – 40,000 genes • Honeybee – 300,000,000 DNA bases • Fruit fly – 13,600 genes • Bacteria – a few hundred to a few thousand genes

  20. DNA Replication • Produces two identical strands from one original strand • Each side of the original is a template for making a new copy of its complement

  21. The Three Problems • How is the variation present within a species at any time affected by the environment? Darwin • How is variation passed on from one generation to the next? Mendel • Where does variation come from? Watson & Crick

  22. But what are genes used for?

  23. Protein Synthesis • A two stage process • Transcription • Translation • Our players: • Messenger RNA (mRNA) – the locks • Transfer RNA (tRNA) – the keys • Ribosome (“locksmith) • Amino Acids

  24. Protein Synthesis 1: Transcription • messenger RNA (mRNA) copy of gene is made • mRNA copy leaves nucleus and goes to cytoplasm

  25. Protein Synthesis 2: Translation • mRNA copy is “read” by ribosomes • Ribosomes match tRNA to codons on mRNA

  26. Proteins: the End Result • One gene codes for one protein • Differences between individuals due (in part) to differences in their proteins

  27. Protein Synthesis,once again… • A two stage process 1) transcription 2) translation • The process whereby the DNA message is converted into a protein product

  28. for more information… Web sites Key words DNA replication Protein synthesis DNA translation Transcription http://www.dnalc.org/resources/ http://www.johnkyrk.com/

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