Bellringer: 2/22

1. Bellringer: 2/22 • Pick up the paper by the door. • Take out your WWI vocab for a HW check. • Add the following to your ToC: • Page 106: Notes – Weapons of WWI • Write down your HW: • Study for your WWI vocab quiz next class.

2. Agenda: 2/22 • 1. Bellringer (HW Check) • 2. Notes: Weapons of WWI • 3. WWI Technology Brochure • 4. Kahoot Vocab Review

3. Weapons OF WORLD WAR I

4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7v3cq1ZJjM

5. Technology of World War One • In no other war has technology played such a critical role in impacting how the war would be fought. • The First World War began as a clash of 20th century technology and 19th century tactics, with inevitably large casualties. • Think of these weapons/technologies as solutions to problems

6. Technology of World War One • Machine Guns • Artillery • Grenades • Communications • Transportation • Tanks & Armor • Aircraft • Chemical Warfare • U-Boats • Convoy system • Barbed Wire All of these technologies had an impact on the strategy and tactics of the war. Some were used in a new way, others were used in response to other technologies or new tactics and strategies.

7. 1. TRENCH WARFARE • Description: Series of progressively more improved trenches with interconnecting trenches • Use: Trenches, often reinforced with wood, with larger underground bunkers dug in side for more protection • Strategy employed because of stalemate, machine guns & artillery • Impact: Many weapons and tactics were created to overcome the defensive nature of trenches

9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_G4ZY66BG38

10. MACHINE GUN

11. 2. MACHINE GUN • Description: Rapid fire weapon (400-800 rounds/minute) typically crewed by several men Belt-fed, .30 cal (typical) • Use: Anti-personnel, used against massed infantry • Impact: • Possibly the most influential weapon of the war • Contributed to stalemate and affected tactics • No longer would massed infantry be the most effective • Evolution: • Would be mounted on airplanes and armored vehicle • Became smaller, less crew (squad-level weapon) • Submachine guns at end of war

12. ARTILLERY

13. 3. ARTILLERY • Description: Large caliber weapon capable of direct or indirect fire • Use: artillery barrage to soften up targets • Impact: Huge guns to destroy fortresses, extreme long range attacks • Evolution: improved accuracy, range, • better shells and fuses, improved explosives • Faster reload, more portable • Self-propelled artillery

14. Artillery Paris Gun Typical German Artillery piece

15. 4. GRENADES • Description: Small, explosive device • Use:Thrown or projected to cause burst and shrapnel damage to enemy • Percussion (contact) or timed fuse • Old weapon found new use in trench warfare – often referred to as “bombs” • Impact: well-suited for trench warfare (indirect throw) • Becomes core of new trench assault strategy • sturmtruppen – trench raiders - bombers

16. Grenades

17. 5. AIRCRAFT • Description: Constructed of canvas stretched over a wooden frame. • Use: Initially used for observation, later for actual combat ** • Single pilot fighter to several men in a bomber • Typically armed with machine guns • Impact: • Anti-Aircraft and aerial pursuit, surveillance • Bombings eventually via plane • Most aerial combat techniques used today are derived from WW1 dog fighting. • Fixed wing aircraft most influential, though observation balloons and zeppelins played a role as well • Evolution: • Unarmed observation craft,Then purpose-built fighters, followed later by bombers - U.S. would pioneer large-scale bombing missions late in war • Fighter Aces – five kills

18. Sopwith Camel

19. Red Baron’s Plane

20. Bombers and Zeppelins

23. SUBMARINES

24. 6. SUBMARINES • Description: Naval structure designed to sail below sea level; originally used by the Germans • Use: attack Allied shipping, primarily through use of deck guns and torpedoes • Impact: • Very effective against shipping, but sinking of ocean liners was negative public opinion • Use of convoy system, depth charges and hydrophones were a response • Evolution:Submarines would get larger and faster with expanded undersea capability • Improved torpedoes

25. TANKS & ARMOR

26. 6. TANKS & ARMOR • Description: Tracked, armored vehicle armed with machine guns and/or cannons. • Use:Used to assault trenches, destroy barbed wire obstacles, machine gun nests • 2 (6.5t) crew to 16 (32t) crews; 3-8 mph • Impact: somewhat effective depending on use; infantry support, combined arms • Debate about use breakthrough vs. support • Mechanical breakdowns, lack of speed

27. German Tank

28. Armored Car

29. BARBED WIRE

30. 7. Barbed Wire • Description: Sharp twisted strands of wire • Use:– not designed to kill but instead maim (hurt), create barriers • Often used in conjunction with machine guns and trenches • Create barriers while preserving field of fire • Control avenues of approach • Impact: critical to trench defense

31. COMMUNICATIONS

32. 8. Communications • Description: New methods include telephones and wireless (radio) • Use: Devices designed to improve communication between front lines-troops, etc. • Impact: Would allow for swift communications for better control by command elements • Key for Command and Control • Used for Artillery Spotting • Need for codes and ciphers (Russians sent radio signals “in the clear” – allowed for Germans to know their plans • Runners, carrier pigeons still used throughout war

33. CHEMICAL WARFARE

34. 9. Chemical Warfare • Description: Chemical, gas-based warfare designed to end the stalemate of trench warfare • Use: Chemical gas used to incapacitate or kill enemy • Mustard, chlorine, and “tear gas” • Horrible wounds and death • Initially just “sprayed” • Hard to control • Impact: Troops had to wear masks making fighting difficult • Masks often ineffective • Evolution: Better means of dispersal • artillery shells and bombs • Although outlawed, chemical weapons still made throughout cold war

35. Casualties of Modern Weaponry • Tactics of sending masses of men toward enemy didn’t work against modern weapons • British suffered 57,470 casualties on the first day of the Battle of Somme • Total losses for World War I exceeded 10 million

36. Project: WWI Tech. Brochure • WWI is considered the first modern, technological war. You will make brochure advertising the merits of the weapons used in WWI. • You will need to choose FIVE (5) of the types of weapons from your notes to feature in the brochure. • For each weapon’s section in the brochure, you need to include the following: *30 POINTS TOTAL* • The weapon’s name (1 point) • At least 5 facts about that weapon (should include some evidence of extra research using your phone, the computers, etc.) and how it impacted WWI (15 points) • A relatively detailed drawing of that weapon (5 points) • Also impacting your grade will be: use of color, neatness, grammar/spelling (3 points each – 9 points total)