Chapter 9: Using Verbs Correctly

1. Chapter 9: Using Verbs Correctly • The Principal Parts of a Verb • Regular verbs • Irregular verbs • Verb tense • Active and Passive Voice • Special Problems with Verbs • Sit and Set • Lie and Lay • Rise and Raise

2. The Principal Parts of a Verb • 4 principal parts: • Base form (infinitive form) • Present participle • Past • Past participle Base form: work Present participle: (is/are) working Past: worked Past participle: (has/have) worked

3. Regular verbs • Verbs are regular when their past and past participle forms are made by adding –d or –ed to the base form. Common mistakes with regular verbs: • He use to work at Supercuts. • Who was suppose to bring Harold? • Several people nearly drownded in the flood.

4. Irregular verbs • Verbs are irregular when their past and past participle forms are created by doing something other than adding –d or –ed. Examples: Base form: Past: Past participle: ring rang (has/have) rung make made (has/have) made bring brought (has/have) brought Remember: brang and brungand considered slang. Don’t use them in formal/academic writing.

5. Common mistakes with irregular verbs: • I have went to the shopping mall. • The past form doesn’t need a helping verb • I seen all her movies. • The past participle form needs a helping verb • The right fielder throwed the ball home. • Don’t add –d or –ed to the base form

6. Exercise 2, p. 193 • Use your boards • Provide the correct past or past participle form of the base word in parenthesis Ex: Nobody knew why he (do) that. A: did #1: Did you say the telephone (ring) while I was in the shower? A: rang

7. Verb tense • The tense of a verb shows the time of an action or a state of being • There are six tenses: • present • past • future • present perfect • past perfect • future perfect

8. The perfect tenses: Present perfect(have/has) Used to show existing or happening sometime before now; may be continuing now, too.

9. Present perfect examples • I have written letters. • I have seen that movie. • I have completed my assignment.

10. The perfect tenses: Past perfect (had) Used to show existing or happening before a specific time in the past. • Examples: • I had already done my homework when the teacher halved the assignment. • I had read the book three times before I heard we were reading it for PACK again.

11. The perfect tenses: Future perfect (will/shall have + past participle) Used to show existing or happening before a specific time in the future. • Examples: • I will have seen and graded your projects by the time Spring Break begins. • We will have lost forty pounds by the time we finish the Insanity Workout regimen.

12. Progressive/continuous aspects • Our language makes no distinction between progressive and continuous tense (some languages do!) • This is not another tense, just another version of the 6 previous tenses • These include some form of be + the present participle form of a verb (-ing)

13. Progressive/continuous examples Base verb: Write Present progressive: am/is/are writing Past progressive: was/were writing Future progressive: will/shall be writing Present perfect progressive: has/have been writing Past perfect progressive: had been writing Future perfect progressive: will/shall have been writing

14. Tense shift – DON’T DO IT WITHOUT A GOOD REASON • Maintain a consistent tense in your writing. Problems to fix: • When we were comfortable, we begin our homework. • Suddenly the great door opened, and an uninvited guest comes into the dining hall. Check this one: • Lisa plays basketball now, but last year she was on the softball team.

15. No partner work today • LH 32-33: • Start here • Finish as homework

16. Active and passive voice • Active voice verbs express actions done by a subject • Using active voice helps to make your writing direct and forceful • Passive voice verbs express actions done to a subject • Using passive voice structure often makes writing sound weak and awkward, but is useful when you don’t know who performed an action

17. Active and passive voice examples Active: The librarian has formed a book club. Passive: A book club was formed by the librarian. Active: The student completed her homework. Passive: The homework was completed by the student. Active: Lucy had planted those marigolds. Passive: Those marigolds had been planted by Lucy.

18. Passive voice: Good for whodunnits Ex: The flowers were left on the doorstop sometime this afternoon. Ex: The robbery was committed between one and three in the morning.

19. Exercise 5, p. 201 • Use your boards • Decide if a sentence is active or passive Ex: Jared’s birthday dinner was paid for by his uncle. A: passive #1: Trees were being blown over by the wind. A: passive

20. Special verb problems: Sit and set • Sit: “to rest in an upright, seated position” or “to be in a place” (intransitive- no object) • Set: “to put something in a place” (transitive – has a direct object) Base form: Present participle: Past: Past Participle: Sit (is) sitting sat (have) sat Set (is) setting set (have) set

21. Sit or set? Examples: • Let’s sit under the tree. (no object) • Let’s set our backpacks under the tree. (object = backpacks) • The tourists sat on the bench. (no object) • The tourists set their cameras on the bench. (object = cameras) We had just _______ down when the phone rang. We had just _______ down our books when the phone rang. sat set

22. Exercise 6, p. 202 • Use your boards • Pick the correct word in the parenthesis • If the verb has an object, show it Ex: Please (sit/set) the serving platter on the table. A: set (platter) #1: Has he (sat/set) anything down here? A: set (anything)

23. Special verb problems: Lie and Lay • Lie: “to rest,” “to recline,” or “to be in a place” (intransitive- no object) (like sit) • Lay: “to put something in a place” (transitive – has a direct object) (like set) Base form: Present participle: Past: Past Participle: Lie (is) lying lay (have) lain Lay (is) laying laid (have) laid

24. Lie or Lay? Examples: • The napkins are lying next to the plates. (no object) • The servers are laying extra napkins beside every plate. (object = napkins) • The soldiers lay very still while the enemy passed. (no object) • The soldiers laid a trap for the enemy. (object = trap) Rip Van Winkle had _______ asleep for twenty years. Rip Van Winkle had _______ his knapsack on the ground. lain laid

25. Exercise 7, p. 204 • Use your boards • Complete the sentence with the correct form of lie or lay • If the verb has an object, show it Ex: Leo (laid/lay) the USB drive by the computer. A: laid (USB drive (or drive)) #1: After the race, Andretti (laid/lay) his helmet on the car. A: laid (helmet)

26. Special verb problems: Rise and Raise • Rise: “to go up” or “to get up” (intransitive- no object) • Raise: “to lift up” or “to cause (something) to rise” (transitive – has a direct object) (like set) Base form: Present participle: Past: Past Participle: Rise (is) rising rose (have) risen Raise (is) raising raised(have) raised

27. Rise or Raise? Examples: • My neighbors rise very early in the morning. (no object) • My neighbors raise their shades very early in the morning. (object = shades) • Sparks rose from the flames of the campfire. (no object) • The breeze raised sparks high into the air. (object = sparks) The senators have _______ from their seats to show respect. The senators have _______ a number of important issues. risen raised

28. Exercise 9, p. 206 • Use your boards • Complete the sentence with the correct form of rise or raise • If the verb has an object, show it Ex: Please (raise/rise) your hand if you’re finished. A: raise (hand) #1: The steam was (rising/raising) from the pot of soup. A: rising