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A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e. Chapter 10 PCs on a Network. Objectives. Learn about different types of physical network architectures Learn how networking works with Windows Learn how to install a network card and connect to a network Learn how to set up and secure a wireless network

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A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

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  1. A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e Chapter 10 PCs on a Network

  2. Objectives • Learn about different types of physical network architectures • Learn how networking works with Windows • Learn how to install a network card and connect to a network • Learn how to set up and secure a wireless network • Learn about troubleshooting tools and tips for network connections A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  3. Introduction • Topics covered in this chapter: • Technologies used to build networks • How Windows supports a network connection • How to connect a computer to a network • How switches and routers interface networks • How to setup and secure a wireless network • How to troubleshoot a network connection A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  4. Physical Network Architectures • Elements providing an overview of networks • The different sizes of networks • The different technologies used by networks • Some networking terms • Network types commonly encountered • Ethernet • Wireless networks • Telephone networks • Mostly outdated token ring and FDDI networks A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  5. Sizes of Networks • A network links two or more computers • PAN (personal area network) • Consists of personal devices at close range • LAN (local area network) • Covers a small local area such as a home, or office • MAN (metropolitan area network) • Covers a large campus or city • WAN (wide area network) • Covers a large geographical area; e.g., the Internet A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  6. Networking Technologies • Factors driving network evolution: • The type of data the network is intended to support • The data capacity on the network • How a network is to fit among other networks • Bandwidth (data throughput or line speed): • Analog systems: measured in cycles/sec (hertz or Hz) • Digital systems: measured in bps, Kbps, or Mbps • As networks grow, the need for bandwidth grows A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  7. Additional Terms Used in Networking • Node (host): one device on a network; e.g., server • Network adapter: interfaces a PC with a network • Network interface card (NIC): fits in a PCI slot • Adapter (MAC, physical, or hardware) address: • 48-bit (6-byte) id number hard-coded on card • Example: 00-0C-6E-4E-AB-A5 • Network protocols: rules of communication • Packets (datagrams or frames) • Basic unit of data transmitted on a network A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  8. Figure 10-1 Ethernet network card showing its MAC address A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  9. Introducing Ethernet • Ethernet types (categorized by speed): • 10-Mbps Ethernet • 100-Mbps or Fast Ethernet • 1000-Mbps or Gigabit Ethernet • 10-Gigabit Ethernet • Types of cabling used: • Two kinds of twisted-pair • Unshielded twisted pair (UTP): four pairs of twisted wire • Shielded twisted pair (STP): protected from EMI • Coaxial cable: single copper wire with braided shield • Fiber-optic: glass strands inside protective tubing A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  10. Table 10-2 Variations of Ethernet and Ethernet cabling A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  11. Figure 10-4 Fiber-optic cables contain a glass core for transmitting light A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  12. Introducing Ethernet (continued) • Topology: arrangement of nodes in a network • Bus topology: connects all nodes with a line (no hub) • Star topology • Connects nodes to central hub (or switch) • The hub broadcasts a data packet to every device • Switch uses a table to route packet to receiving device • Scale networks by adding switches • Star bus topology: • Multiple switches form a bus network • Nodes connected to each switch form a star A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  13. Figure 10-6 Nodes on an Ethernet network can be connected to one another in a star or bus formation A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  14. Figure 10-10 A star bus network uses more than one switch A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  15. Introducing Ethernet (continued) • Attenuation: the weakening of a transmitted signal • Repeater: device used to amplify a signal in a LAN • Amplifier repeater: simplyamplifies incoming signal • Signal-regenerating repeater • Reads and copies the signal (without noise) • Transmits an exact duplicate of the original • Ethernet uses a signal-regenerating repeater • A switch or hub can act as the repeater A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  16. Figure 10-14 A repeater on a network restores the clarity of the signal, which degrades over a distance because of attenuation A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  17. Wireless Networks • Use radio waves or infrared light to connect PCs • Popular in places where cables are difficult to install • 802.11wireless (Wi-Fi or Wireless Fidelity) • Types: 802.11g (most popular), 802.11b, 802.11a • Two new standards: 802.11k and 802.11r • Ad hoc mode: directly links two wireless devices • Access point (AP): connects wireless device to LAN • WiMAX (802.16 Wireless/802.16d and 802.16e) • Used in public hot spots and as a last mile solution • Bluetooth: short range standard; e.g., optical mouse A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  18. Figure 10-16 Nodes on a wireless LAN connect to a cabled network by way of an access point A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  19. Telephone Networks • Plain old telephone service (POTS) • Switching creates closed circuits between phones • VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) • Uses packets of data to communicate • Cellular WAN • Made up cells created by base stations • Cellular WAN standards • GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) • CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) • TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  20. Figure 10-20 A cellular WAN is made up of many cells that provide coverage over a wide area A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  21. Telephone Networks (continued) • General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) • New communication protocol using data packets • Two types of transmission: • Full-duplex: allows both users to talk and transmit • Half-duplex: allows only one user on a channel • Satellite phone: communicates with satellites • Cordless phone: communicates with phone base • Radio phone: uses VHF radio waves A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  22. Token Ring and FDDI • Token Ring is physically a star, logically a ring • Components of a token ring: • Controlled Access Unit (CAU) • Multistation Access Unit (MSAU or MAU) • Token Ring LAN card connecting node to MSAU • UTP or STP cables with two twisted pairs • RJ-45 or Universal Data Connector (UDC) • Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) • Uses a token that travels in a ring like a Token Ring • Data frames travel on the ring without the token A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  23. Figure 10-21 Full-duplex and half-duplex transmissions A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  24. Windows on a Network • Major software components on a network • An operating system installed on each PC • Network operating system (NOS) for larger networks • Peer-to-peer network (workgroup) • Each PC has the same authority on the network • Client/server model (domain) • Access to network resources controlled by an NOS • Server is called a domain controller • A few network operating systems • Windows 2003 Server, Novell NetWare, Linux A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  25. Four Suites of Protocols • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) • Primary protocol used on the Internet • IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange) • Designed for use with Novell NetWare • NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface) • Supports NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) • AppleTalk • Proprietary networking protocol suite for Macs A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  26. Figure 10-25 An operating system can use more than one method to address a computer on the network, but at the network level, a MAC address is always used to address a device on the network A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  27. Four Suites of Protocols (continued) • Using a protocol on the network • Install a NIC card in the computer • Connect network cable to network device; e.g., a switch • NIC card binds to higher level protocol; e.g., TCP/IP • How to identify which protocols are used in Windows • Look at the properties of a network connection • More than one OS protocol can be used on a network • New protocols may be installed • Network printers can be accessed in various ways A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  28. Figure 10-26 Three Windows XP network protocols are installed and two protocols are bound to this network card A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  29. Addressing on a Network • Four methods used to identify devices and programs • Using a MAC address • Using an IP address • Using character-based names (host, domain, NetBIOS) • Using a Port address • IP addresses • Used in TCP/IP to identify any device on the network • 4 bytes (octets) separated by dots; e.g., 190.180.40.120 • System allows for up to 4.3 billion IP addresses • First part identifies network, last part identifies host A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  30. Figure 10-27 Computers on the same LAN use MAC addresses to communicate, but computers on different LANs use IP addresses to communicate over the Internet A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  31. Installing a NIC and Connecting to a Network • Components needed to connect a PC to a network • NIC and network port or wireless NIC card in the PC • Patch cable • Device for the PC to connect to, such as a router • NIC card selection criteria • NIC should match type of bus on motherboard • NIC should match speed and type of network • Wireless NIC should match network technology A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  32. Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP • Overview of installation steps • Determine whether driver or NIC is installed first • If NIC precedes driver, install NIC and turn on PC • Follow instructions in Found New Hardware Wizard • Verify driver installation using the Device Manager • Update the driver if necessary • Connect patch cable to NIC port and network switch • Configuring Windows 2000/XP to use a network • Name computer in System Properties dialog box A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  33. Figure 10-32 Windows XP uses the Computer Name Changes dialog box to assign a host name to a computer on a network A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  34. Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP (continued) • Questions to ask before configuring TCP/IP • Will the PC use dynamic or static IP addressing? • What are the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway? • A question to ask if static IP addressing is used • Do you use DNS? • If so, what are the IP addresses of your DNS servers? • Is a proxy server used to connect to other networks? • If so, what is the IP address of the proxy server? • Gateway: device that connects two networks A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  35. Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP (continued) • Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box • Used to configure TCP/IP under Windows XP • Dialog opened from Properties of Local Area Connection • NWLink or NetBEUI protocol • Used for network communication (excluding the Internet) • Can be used in combination with TCP/IP • Installed from Properties of Local Area Connection A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  36. Figure 10-34 To configure TCP/IP under Windows XP, use the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  37. Installing a NIC Using Windows 9x/Me • Overview of installation steps: • Physically install the NIC and turn on the PC • Follow instructions of the Wizard • Verify the installation using Device Manager • Assigning a computer name • Access Identification tab in Network dialog box • Enter names of computer and workgroup • Verify assignment in Network Neighborhood window • Installing and configuring TCP/IP using Windows 98 • Use functions in the Network window A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  38. Figure 10-40 To configure TCP/IP in Windows 98, select the binding and click Properties to view the TCP/IP Properties dialog box A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  39. Installing a Wireless Adapter in a Notebook • Wireless adapter uses a USB port or PC Card slot • Installation package includes a CD and accessories • Overview of steps for installing a Linksys adapter • Install the software from the setup CD • Plug the wireless adapter into a USB port • Launch Found New Hardware and follow instructions • Managing the issue of an unsigned driver • Find approved driver or continue installation • Deciding which installation utility to use • Choose manufacturer’s utility over Windows XP’s A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  40. Figure 10-45 Plug the wireless USB adapter into the USB port A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  41. Installing a Wireless Adapter in a Notebook (continued) • Information displayed about a current connection: • MAC address of access point device used by adapter • The current channel the connection is using • Transfer rate, throughput, link quality, signal strength • Configuration changes you can make: • Mode or network type • The SSID (service set identifier) • Encryption settings • Tx rate • TCP/IP configuration A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  42. Figure 10-49 Opening screen to configure a Linksys wireless adapter A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  43. Installing a Wireless Adapter in a Notebook (continued) • Connecting to a public hot spot using Windows XP • Open Wireless Network Connection dialog box • Select unsecured network from list and click Connect • Open a browser to test the connection • View link in Wireless Network Connection Status box • Two ways to troubleshoot a connection • Add network SSID in Wireless network properties • Provide MAC address to network administrator A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  44. Figure 10-57 Enter the SSID of a hot spot to which you want to connect A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  45. How to Set Up Your Own Wireless Network • Two principal steps: • Buy a wireless access point • Configure AP and wireless PC for communication • Providing security is critical for a successful network A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  46. Security on a Wireless LAN • Methods for securing a wireless connection: • Disable SSID broadcasting • Filter MAC addresses • Data encryption; e.g., WPA (WiFi Protected Access) • Change firmware default settings • Update firmware • Use a firewall • Virtual private network (VPN) A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  47. Figure 10-60 With tunneling, packets can travel over a wireless LAN and the Internet in a virtual private network (VPN), but WEP or WPA applies only to the wireless connection A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  48. Choosing a Wireless Access Point • Selection criteria • The ability to use multiple security measures • Supports for the 802.11 b/g wireless standards • Good hardware reviews from other users • An access point can be a standalone device • An access point can also serve multiple purposes A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  49. Configure and Test Your Wireless Network • Installing the hardware • Position device and plug it in • Connect the device using a network or USB cable • Access point configuration is saved on firmware • Configuring the access point • Change default password to the administrative utility • Select basic wireless settings, such as the channel • Set up data encryption • Choose whether to filter MAC addresses • Save the settings and test the connection A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

  50. Figure 10-65 This wireless access point supports several encryption methods A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

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