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Naming inorganic compounds

Naming inorganic compounds. Pavla Balínová. What is important ??. symbols and English names of elements (see Periodic table, groups IA – VIIIA and IIIB – IIB) names of common cations and anions common names of selected compounds (e.g. bicarbonate). Oxidation state (oxidation number).

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Naming inorganic compounds

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  1. Naming inorganic compounds Pavla Balínová

  2. What is important ?? • symbols and English names of elements (see Periodic table, groups IA – VIIIA and IIIB – IIB) • names of common cations and anions • common names of selected compounds (e.g. bicarbonate)

  3. Oxidation state (oxidation number) • shows the total number of electrons which have been removed from an element (= positive ox. state) or added to an element (= negative ox. state) to get to its present state • Oxidation = an increase in ox. state (loss of electrons) • Reduction= a decrease in ox. state (receiving of electrons) • Electronegativity is a chemical property which describes the power of an atom to attract electrons towards itself

  4. Biogenic elements • Macroelements: H, O, C, N, P are building blocks in proteins, saccharides, lipids and nucleic acids • Ions are important components of extra- and intracellular fluids: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+/Fe3+,Cl-, PO43-, HCO3-

  5. Nomenclature of binary compounds • names of binary compounds are derived from the names of cations and anions • all binary compounds end in –ide e.g. • CaO = Calciumoxide • NaCl = Sodiumchloride • KBr = Potassiumbromide • H2O2 = Hydrogenperoxide • HCl = Hydrogenchloride (g), hydrochloric acid (l)

  6. Nomenclature of binary compoundsPeroxides • (O1-)2- peroxide bond -O-O- 2 e.g. • Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 • Lithium peroxide Li2O2 • Sodium peroxide Na2O2 • Magnesium peroxide MgO2 • Barium peroxide BaO2

  7. Nomenclature of binary compounds • composed of 2 nonmetals→ Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound • Greek prefixes: mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca- e.g. • NO2 = Nitrogen dioxide • N2O3 = Dinitrogen trioxide • N2O5 = Dinitrogen pentoxide • CO = Carbon monoxide

  8. Nomenclature of binary compounds • composed of metal ions with fixed or variable oxidation numbers and nonmetal ion are named by both the –ous / -ic suffixes or the Stock system (ox. number is written in a parenthesis) e.g. FeO = Ferrousoxide / Iron (II) oxide (lower ox. state) Fe2O3 = Ferric oxide / Iron (III) oxide (higher ox. state)

  9. Nomenclature of ternary compounds • are composed of H+ and/or metal ion with fixed or variable oxidation number, and a polyatomic ion (e.g. NO3-) • Bases: KOH = Potassium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 = Calcium hydroxide • Oxoacids: HNO2 = Nitrous acid (N3+) HNO3 = Nitric acid (N5+) H2SO3 = Sulfurous acid (S4+) H2SO4 = Sulfuric acid (S6+)

  10. Oxoacids and their salts H2CO3 = Carbonic acid → CO32- = carbonate H2SO3 = Sulfurous acid (S4+) → SO32- = sulfite H2SO4 = Sulfuric acid (S6+) → SO42- = sulfate ●HClO = Hypochlorous acid (Cl1+) → (ClO)- = hypochlorite • HClO2 = Chlorous acid (Cl3+) → (ClO2)- = chlorite • HClO3 = Chloric acid (Cl5+) → (ClO3)- = chlorate • HClO4 = (Hy)perchloric acid (Cl7+) → (ClO4)- = perchlorate

  11. Hydrogensalts (acid salts) H3PO4 →H2PO4-= dihydrogen phosphate → HPO4 2- =hydrogen phosphate H2SO4 → HSO4- = hydrogen sulfate H2SO3 → HSO3- = hydrogen sulfite H2CO3 → HCO3- = hydrogen carbonate

  12. Hydrates of salts ●are salts that contain 1 or more molecules of H2O bound to their molecule ● number of molecules of water is expressed by Greek prefix + hydrate e.g. CuSO4 x 5 H2O Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate CaSO4 x ½ H2O Calcium sulfate hemihydrate CaHPO4 x 2 H2O Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate

  13. Double salts • are salts containing two different cations or anions • 2 cations Na2Mg(CO3)2 Sodiummagnesium carbonate KMgF3Potassium magnesium fluoride NaNH4HPO4Sodium ammoniumhydrogen phosphate ● 2 anions AlO(OH) Aluminium oxide hydroxide Ca2F2(SO4) Calcium fluoride sulfate

  14. Thioacids and thiosalts • are compounds in which one O atom is replaced by S atom (→ prefix thio-) • H2SO4→ H2S2O3 = Thiosulfuric acid • Na2SO4→ Na2S2O3 = Sodium thiosulfate • S2O32- = thiosulfate anion

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