The Human Physiology

1. The Human Physiology By: Jimin Park

2. Nervous System • Function… • Controls and communicates with the body. • Center of mental activity like thought and memory • Communicates with the environment; both out side and inside out body • 2 types peripheral and central • The 5 senses; sight, smell, touch, taste, and sound • Standard B. when something such as a hot pan is touched by a hand, the neurons in the hand travel to the spinal cord then to the brain where it’s acknowledged as a hot object and the body reacts to it.

3. Neuron Cell • A neuron is the major part of a nervous system • A neuron is divided into 4 parts; the dendrites, axon, synaptic terminals and the main cell body where the nucleus and etc are located. • The dendrites receive information and sends to the cell body. • The cell body has the basic necessities of a cell • The axon sends electric currents and information from the received by the dendrites. Standard E. Sensory Neurons- carry messages from hands, ear, nose etc to the central nervous system Inter Neurons-neurons part of the central nervous system, they communicate with the spinal cord and either skin or muscle. Motor Neurons-neurons that sends electric currents to stimulate a muscle.

4. Neurotransmitters • Standard D. • The electric current from the neuron cannot pass through the gap in between neuron and other neurons or other cells. • A chemical called neurotransmitter is discharged from the synaptic vessicles • The chemical is what is passed on to the other cell and the other cell receive it through receptors.

5. Central Nervous System • What it does… • Consists of your brain and spinal cord • Messages from the spinal cord go to the brain • The response message from the brain to the rest of the body through the spinal cord Brain Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) Spinal cord Standard C. Feed back loops… Our body has a way to maintain optimal level of oxygen and others. Here’s an example. Imagine that you are resting now. Then you start running. Since your cells need more oxygen the brain increases your rate of breathing and heart beat. This gets your oxygen level at an optimal level. When you stop running, your cells need less oxygen and the brain decreases your breathing and heart beat rate.

6. Peripheral Nervous System • What it does… • It receives messages from the sensors like the tongue, ears, and etc. • They it sends it toward the spinal cord to be relayed to the brain these neuron cells are called afferent neurons • Then the relay message from the brain reaches the spinal cord, sends away to the rest of the body., so necessary actions will take place. • These neurons are called efferent neurons. • It is all the neurons not included in the central nervous system

7. Skeletal System • Functions… • Protects vital organs like the brain, heart and the lungs • The bone marrows produce blood cells • Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorous • Forms your frame work • Along with the muscular system, it allows movement.

8. Skeletons divided • The skeletal system can be divided in to two parts… • The axial skeleton which protect vital organs like the heart and the brain (80 bones in skull, vertebra, ribs, sternum) • The appendicular skeletons that connect and anchor other bones like our pelvic girdle and shoulder girdle (126 bones in limbs, shoulders, pelvis)

9. Types of Bones • There are 4 types of bones… • Long bones- they are long and work as levers (arm, leg thigh forearm) • Short bones- they are short and shaped like cubes (wrist bones and ankle bones) • Flat bones-Thin and flat bones. They are also usually curved (bones in your cranium) • Irregular bones-Bones that don’t fit into any of the categories listed above (vertebrae and skull bone)

10. Bone Composition 2 types of bones… • Compact bone… • Dense and hard • Form the exterior of the bones • Inside lies spongy bone • It has tiny holes that are filled with blood vessels and nerves. • Also called Cortical bones • Spongy Bone... • Most bones have spongy bones on the inside of compact bones. • Full of tiny holes • It’s where bone marrows are located which make blood cells • Also called cancellous bones

11. Circulatory System • Functions… • Blood transports nutrients, wastes, oxygen and carbon dioxide • Stabilize body temperature • Stabilize body pH level • Includes the heart (coronary), lungs (pulmonary) and blood vessels (systemic)

12. Pulmonary Circulation • Standard A. • The oxygen depleted blood is carried to the lungs. • There the red blood cells get rid of carbon dioxide and get oxygen. • Then it leaves the lungs and goes back to the heart where it will be distributed to the rest of the body.

13. Coronary Circulation • What it does… • Delivers blood and oxygen to the heart. • Coronary arteries are the vessels that transport blood to the muscle tissue of the heart, myocardium. • These arteries can become easily blocked causing heart attacks.

14. Systemic Circulation • What it does… • Carries oxygen containing blood to the rest of the body from the left heart. • Also carries back oxygen depleted blood to the right heart where it will to the lungs to be reoxygenized.

15. Muscular System • Allows us to move around • 3 types of muscles; Cardiac, smooth and skeletal • Can be divided in to 2 categories, voluntary and involuntary • We have control over the voluntary muscles but we have no control over the involuntary muscles.

16. Cardiac Muscles • What it is… • Muscle tissue of the heart, myocardium • Works like the skeletal muscle but not attached to a bone • Forms branching fibers • Involuntary muscle

17. Smooth Muscle • What it is… • Makes up most of our internal organs like bladder, arteries, veins and the digestive track. • Involuntary muscle • Controlled by the nervous system and hormones.

18. Skeletal Muscle • What it is… • Makes up 1/3 of a person’s body weight • Made up of long muscle fibers. • Nervous system controls the muscle contractions. • However, we still control the actions which means that skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles.

19. Muscle Contraction • Standard H. • Muscle contracts when the muscle fibers shortens or lengthens. • When there is no calcium, tropomyosin blocks access to the myosin binding site of actin • When calcium is present, it binds to troponin moving the thin filament to one side causing muscle contraction.

20. Integumentary System • What it is… • Skin, hair, nails, and glands • 2 layers of skin dermis and epidermis • Also includes nerve cells that can detect cold heat pain, etc • What it does… • Protects internal structures • Regulates temperatures • Prevents entering of bacteria

21. Skin: Epidermis • Contains… • Keratinocytes (produce keratin, a protein that gives skin its strength and flexibility and waterproofs the skin surface) • Melanocytes(produce melanin, the dark pigment that gives skin its color) • Merkel's cells (involved with touch reception) • Langerhans' cells (help the immune system by processing antigens)

22. Skin: Dermis • Contains… • collagen (a protein that adds strength) • reticular fibers (thin protein fibers that add support) • elastic fibers (a protein that adds flexibility) • the papillary layer, which has loose connective tissue • the reticular layer, which has dense connective tissue

23. Respiratory System • What it does… • Supplies the body with oxygen • Gets rid of carbon dioxide Standard A. When we breathe, oxygen for the cells is inhaled and the waste, carbon dioxide is thrown out.

24. Oxygen in Carbon dioxide out • Air enters the respiratory system through the mouth or the nose. • Then it goes thru the bronchial which lead directly into the lungs where the tube divide into many smaller tubes that connects to tiny sacs called alveoli. • The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli then goes into the blood vessels • On the other hand carbon dioxide is released from the blood vessels to the sacs where it travels backwards and out the mouth or the nose.

25. Diaphragm • What it does… • The diaphragm pumps the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs. • When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. • When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs.

26. Excretory system • Functions… • Gets rid of waste products produced by our body. • It includes sweat glands, liver, bladder, kidneys, and etc.

27. Kidneys • Standard A. and G. • Wastes from filtered from the blood by pressure filtration is stored in kidneys as urine • Urine leaves the kidney and travels to the bladder. • Finally from the bladder it leaves the body altogether.

28. Liver • What it does… • It purifies the blood • Help maintain homeostasis • Stores important substances such as glucose Standard G. The liver takes harmful substances such as drugs and alcohol and turns them into less active or less harmful products.

29. Endocrine System • Functions… • Regulates, mood, growth, development, and etc • Made up of glands like the adrenal and thyroid gland • Secretes hormones

30. Hormones • What it does… • Hormones are chemical messengers released by glands • It only delivers to the target cells. If it’s not a target cell, it won’t attach it self to the cell. Standard C and I. When something happens to the body, like your level of sugar is way above the optimal level, your body will secrete hormones and the body will turn the sugar to fat for storage. When your body need the sugars the body will release another hormone that will turn the fats back to sugar for use.

31. Pituitary gland • Often called the master gland because it secretes hormones that control other glands • It can be influenced by your emotions • Makes hormones such as the growth hormones.

32. Thyroid Gland • Controls the rate in which the cells burn fuels to produce energy • Help to grow strong bones. • Play a role in brain and nervous system development.

33. Digestive system • Functions… • Break down the food we eat • Includes the digestive track and the organs associated with it • The food under goes, absorption, elimination and digestion. Pathway… Stomach Liver and biliary system Pancreas Small insentient Large insentient

34. Glucose regulation Standard G. Our body maintains the glucose level by secreting 2 hormones. Then the level is high, insulin is released. When the level is low, glucagon is released. The hormones are released by hormones. Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose by cells while glucagon makes the liver convert glycogen to glucose.

35. Digestion enzymes Standard F. Amylase-breaks down starch in to glucose found in small intestine Proteases-breaks down bonds of proteins Nuclease- breaks down nucleic bonds Lipases-makes fat in to glycerol and fatty acids Stomach acids-also called gastric acid, secreted in the stomach, breaks down food. Bile salts-secreted in the small intestine and used for absorption of fats and minerals and the like

36. Reproductive system • Functions… • Ensure the survival of the species • Makes sperms or eggs • Transport and sustain these cells • Nurture the developing offspring • Produce hormones • Contains gonads(ovaries and testes) and other reproductive organs

37. Female reproductive system • Functions… • produce and sustain the female sex cells (egg cells or ova) • transport these cells to a site where they may be fertilized by sperm • provide a favorable environment for the developing fetus • move the fetus to the outside at the end of the development period, • produce the female sex hormones

38. Male reproductive system • Functions… • consists of a pair of testes and a network of excretory ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens (vas deferens), and seminal vesicles • Testes-Sperm are produced here • The sperm passes through the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra before leaving the body

39. Immune system • Functions… • Identify and destroy pathogens • Antigen-specific-recognize and act against specific antigens • Systemic-works through out the body, not confined to a specific place • Memory-recognize and mount a stronger attack to the same antigen next time • Specific defense mechanisms- effective against a specific invaders • Non-specific defense mechanisms- works against a variety of invaders

40. Immune: skin Standard a. Skin is a non-specific defense mechanism. It will protect us from contact with bacteria, viruses and other antigens. However, not all of our body is covered with skin. Antigens may pass through the mouth, nose and etc.

41. Immune: antibodies Standard b. When an antigen is detected, B lymphocytes start making antibodies, these antibodies lock on the specific antigens and destroy it with the help of T cells. And when job is done, antibodies stay in one’s body to repel further invaders. Immune: Vaccination Standard c. Vaccination is when a weak antigen in artificially introduced to the body, so B lymphocytes can make antibodies which will fight against that invaders.

42. Virus V.S Bacteria • Virus • Way smaller than bacteria • Needs a living host • Infect cells to produce more virus • Made up of DNA and a protein coat. • Bacteria • Way bigger than virus • Can grow on non living • Just invade and kill cells • It has everything for growth and multiplication

43. Weakened immune systems Standard e. AIDS weaken our immune system. They do this by infecting t cells, which fight against antigens, and producing more virus to infect other t cells. Sooner or later, the person’s going to have no t cells and become weak and die since the body’s not going to be able to fight against the simplest and the weakest bacteria or virus.

44. Immune: cells Standard f. Phagocytes-group of immune cells that find and destroy virus, bacteria, and dead cells B- lymphocytes- B cells wait until it finds an antigen that matches its receptors. Then with the help of T cells, it copies it self in to 2 cells, plasma and memory. The plasma makes antibodies and the memory cells remember the specific antigen until future invasions. T-lymphocytes-locates and destroys infected cells also helps B cells copy it self.

45. Bibliography • http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookNERV.html • http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n07/fundamentos/neuron/parts_i.htm • http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/brain/Neuron.shtml • http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html • http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/nervous.html • http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/skeletal.htm • http://www.fi.edu/biosci/systems/circulation.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulation • http://library.thinkquest.org/10348/find/content/muscular.html • http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skin_sys_fin.html • http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/myosin.html • http://www.fi.edu/biosci/systems/respiration.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretory_system • http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookEXCRET.html#The%20Human%20Excretory%20System • http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookENDOCR.html • http://www.kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/endocrine.html • http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit10_1_dige_functions.html • http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit12_1_repdt_intro.html • http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/BUGL/immune.htm • http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/immune.html • http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-immunity.html • http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qa-fdb38.html • http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/immunity/immune-detail.html