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急性肾损伤 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

急性肾损伤 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). 浙江大学邵逸夫医院肾脏科 叶有新. 浙江大学附属邵逸夫医院肾脏科 叶有新. 肾 脏 解 剖 Anatomy of the Kidney. 正常肾脏功能 Renal function. 排除毒素 Excretion of toxin 维持机体水、电解质和酸碱平衡 Maintaining water,electrolytes and acid-base balance 内分泌 Endocrine. AKI 分类. pre. intra. post.

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急性肾损伤 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

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  1. 急性肾损伤Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) 浙江大学邵逸夫医院肾脏科 叶有新 浙江大学附属邵逸夫医院肾脏科 叶有新

  2. 肾 脏 解 剖 Anatomy of the Kidney

  3. 正常肾脏功能Renal function • 排除毒素 Excretion of toxin • 维持机体水、电解质和酸碱平衡 Maintaining water,electrolytes and acid-base balance • 内分泌Endocrine

  4. AKI 分类 pre intra post

  5. 急性肾衰定义(ARF)DEFINITION • 由各种病因引起的肾功能急骤进行性减退而出现的临床综合症,主要表现为毒素蓄积,水电解质酸碱平衡失调。 • AKI represents an abrupt decrease in the ability of the kidney to excrete nitrogenous wastes,resulting in azotemia, fluid retaintion, electrolyte disturbance and metabolic acidosis.

  6. AKI 诊断标准 1期 Scr ↑ ≥0.3mg/dl ≥150% U V <0.5ml/kg/h >6h 2期 Scr ↑基数值>200%-300% U V <0.5ml/kg/h >12h 3期Scr ↑基数值 ≥300% ≥4mg ↑0.5mgU V <0.3ml/kg/h >24h anv>12h 血肌酐48小时内升高≥0.3mg/dl,增至基数值150%以上;或尿量<0.5ml/kg/h大于6小时

  7. 肾前性急性肾损伤 Prerenal AKI 肾脏的低灌注引起的肾小球滤过率急骤下降在AKI中占55%。 Renal hypoperfusion is responsible for 55% of the AKI.

  8. 病因Etiology • 血容量不足:出血、胃肠道、皮肤、肾脏丢失、 病理分布 • 高血液粘稠度:多发性骨髓瘤、球蛋白血症 • 血管高度收缩:药物、手术 、肝肾综合症 • 血管极度扩张:过敏、抗高血压药、败血症、药物过量 • 心搏出不足:心源性休克、充血性心衰、心包 填塞、肺栓塞

  9. 症状和体征Symptoms and signs • 口渴,皮肤干燥Thirst , Dry skin and mucose • 体重下降Weight loss . • 体位性低血压Orthostatic hypotension • 心动过速Tachcardia , • 平卧时颈静脉塌陷Flat neck vein • 少尿Oliguria

  10. 实验室Laboratory Tests • 血液浓缩(白蛋白,血球压积), Hemoconcentration • 尿比重>1.030, Urine specific gravity>1.030 • 尿渗透压>500mosm/kgH2O, Urine osmolality >500mOsm/kgH2O • 尿钠<20mEq/l, Urine sodium<20mEq/L • 血尿素氮/血肌酐>20 BNU/Scr>20 , • 钠排泄系数(FENa)<1% Fractional excretion of sodium<1% • UNa Pcr • FENa= —— × 100% • PNa Ucr

  11. 特殊检查Special monitoring 中心静脉压Low central venous pressure 肺毛细血管嵌合压Low pulmonary wedge pressure 心搏出量Low Cardiac output

  12. 处理Management • 病因处理Correct the underlying disorder • 扩容Volume replacement • 生理盐水或5%葡萄糖液200-500ml/ivgtt 30-60min • 老年和/或心功能不全病人:100-50ml/hr。 补液时注意CVP和心功能 100-150ml/hr in the elder and/or cardiovascular status is tenuous

  13. 扩容后利尿 Diuresis must be avoid before fluid replacement 甘露醇25g静滴Mannitol 25g/iv gtt 速尿100mg(200mg)静注Furosemide 100mg/iv ( 200mg)

  14. 肾后性AKI 主要病因 Main causes:结石 Calculus 肿瘤Tumor 手术Operation 前列腺增生Hypertrophy of the prostate解剖畸形Anatomy abnormality

  15. 肾后性衰竭 • 解除梗阻:导尿管,B超,CT

  16. 肾实质性AKI 肾间质 过敏 感染 代谢 肿瘤 肾小球和肾血管 急进性肾炎 血管炎 肾小管 急性肾小管坏死

  17. 病因Etiology 肾缺血 肾毒素 内源性 外源性

  18. 发病机制MECHANISM • 肾血流动力学改变REDAUCTION AND REDISTRIBUTION • OF RENAL BLOOD • 肾小管堵塞DEPOSITION OF TUBULAR DEBRIS WITH • TUBULAR OBSTRUCTION • 肾小管反漏BACK-LEAKE OF FILTERED TUBUFLAR FLUID • 白细胞侵润细胞因子作用 WBC INFILTRATION AND ROLE OF FACTORS • 弥散性血管内凝血D.I.C.

  19. Acute tubular necrosis. the pale swollen cortex and the congested medulla are obvious

  20. 临床表现Clinical Presentation • 起始期:原发病 低血容量 • 维持期:尿量〈400ML 〈100ML • 恢复期:尿量 〉400ML

  21. 起始期 • 原发病 • 低血容量

  22. 维持期 • 尿量减少 • 消化系统: 厌食 恶心 呕吐 腹胀 腹泻 出血 • 呼吸系统: 呼吸困难 深长呼吸 • 循环系统: 高血容量 心律紊乱 • 神经系统:躁动 谵妄 抽搐 昏迷 • 血液系统:贫血 出血 • 易感倾向:营养不良 尿毒素 白细胞功能 • 水、电解质紊乱:高钾 水中毒 酸中毒 • 实验室指标异常:血 尿 • 影像学检查异常:B超 CT

  23. 恢复期 尿量 〉400ML Scr、 BUN 开始下降 尿量、BUN Scr 正常

  24. 诊断DIAGNOSIS • 原发病因CAUSE OF ARFCLINICAL • 临床表现PRESENTATION • 实验室LABORATORY • 影像学IMAGE • 肾活检 KIDNEY BIOPSY

  25. 鉴别诊断Differential Diagnosis Test Pre-AKI INTRINSIC-AKI U osmo >500mOsm/kg <300 U/S osmo. >2 <2 U .G. >1.020 <1.010 S BUN/CR >20 <15 U/S Cr >40 <20 U Na <10 >20 FeNa(%) <1% >1% UA ? +

  26. 处理Management 卧床休息 On bed 病因和可逆因素治疗Treatment of the causative agent and found reversible factors 水平衡Fluid balance: Intake=loses+10ml/kg/D 电解质平衡Electrolyte balance: K Na Ca Mg 饮食Diet: Protein 0.6g/kg/D Calories 35kcal/kg/D 纠酸pH<7.20 Hco3<15mEq/L 药物调整Drugs: Adjust dosage

  27. 透析治疗Dialysis • 血肌酐>8mg Scr>8mg/dl 尿素氮> 80mg BUN>80mg/dl • 血钾> 5.9mg K+>5.9mEq/L 肺水肿 严重酸中毒(纠酸不可太积极pH<7.20)

  28. Hemodialysis

  29. 血液透析 HEMODIALYSIS

  30. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS 腹膜透析

  31. 透析模式图

  32. 透析疗法Hemodialysis • 排除毒素 Excretion • 调节水、电介质和酸碱平衡 Regulation

  33. AKI病例 M/41Y ID 1425400 CC:坠落伤后有腹股沟出血,神志不清6小时。 PH:下午3:50二楼坠落,被钢筋戳伤右大腿根部,出血不止;被送至我院途中 出现神志不清。入院时瞳孔扩大无对光反射,右腹股沟肿胀伴活动性出血,予加 压包扎止血,补液抗休克。急诊手术:“剖腹探查及右股动脉人工血管植入+右髂内动脉结扎术。术后入ICU。PE:T37.5。C,HR117,BP:75/53mmHg,深昏迷,机械通气。右腹股沟加压包扎。阴囊淤血水肿,右下肢肿胀。 LAB:WBC 8.3,N:79.1%, Hgb 6.7 , Pl 19.4; K5mmol/L,Cr:1.2mg/dl,BUN:19mg/dl. 诊断:失血性休克,右股动静脉离断,右股动静脉人工血管重建术后,右股骨颈骨折,右髂骨翼骨折,右耻骨上支及坐骨下支骨折

  34. 处理 • ICU监护、机械通气,右腹股沟加压止血、复温,右下肢牵引固定 • 补液抗休克,维持水电解质平衡,多巴胺、肾上腺素维持血压 • 3.头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠抗炎。

  35. 第2天 • 出血止,BP116/60mmHg 但尿量减少,75ml/d, Cr3.0mg/dl, K 6.47mmol/L

  36. 肾活检 100 × 400 ×

  37. 血透支持 对症处理

  38. 41天血透维持,血压稳定, 但肾功能一直未能恢复。 ?

  39. 5.30 右髋离断术(第42天) • 6.1 Cr 2.2 • 6.2 Cr 1.8 • 6.7 Cr 1.4 • 病人恢复出院

  40. PERSPECTIVE 展望 STEM CELL & ATN 干细胞和急性肾小管坏死 TRADITIONAL & MODERN THEORY 过去和现在的理念 CHALLENGE 研究现状和难点

  41. Youxin Ye , Bingyin Wang , Xinxin Jiang, Weiming Hua , Jian Feng, Hua Li Mei Jin, Yingjuan Ying, Wenjuan Wang, XiaoOu Mao, Kunlin Jin :Proliferative capacity of stem/progenitor-like cells in the kidney may associate with the outcome of patients with acute tubular necrosis 。Hum Pathol. 2011 Feb 10. [Epub ahead of print] ☆

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