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International Business (7)

International Business (7). Huang Huiping Economic School.Whut. 7. Global Strategy. Learning Objectives The concept of strategy , different strategies How can firms profit from expending their activities globally ?

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International Business (7)

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  1. International Business (7) Huang Huiping Economic School.Whut

  2. 7. Global Strategy Learning Objectives • The concept of strategy, different strategies • How can firms profit from expending their activities globally ? • How the pressures for Cost and the pressures for local responsiveness influence the choices of global strategies? • Country differences and choices of global strategies • Strategic alliance

  3. Opening case: MTV网的全球战略 • MTV网已经成为全球化的象征。建立于1981年的以美国为基地的音乐TV网,自从1987年开通欧洲MTV之时起,就已扩张出了其北美洲基地。现在由媒体业大亨Viacom所拥有的包括尼克洛迪翁一族和VHl在内的MTV网(尼克洛迪翁一族是通过卫星在全球开设的那些儿童电视频道,VHl则是为那些在生育高峰出生的现在已步人壮年的人特设的官方音乐网站),在接近30亿美元的年收人中每年都创造出超过10亿美元的营运利润。自1987年以来,MTV网已成为世界上最普及的有限电视节目制作者。到2005年早期,该网已有29个频道或独立传送线路,它们遍布140个国家中的总共4.43亿户家庭。 • 虽然美国在家庭数量上仍然以8500万户领先,最快的增长速度却是在其他地方,特别是在亚洲,那里30亿人中有近 2/3都在35岁以下,中产阶级正快速扩大起来,拥有电视的人越来越多。据MTV网统计,每一天中的每一秒钟里,在世界各地都几乎有200万人正在观看电视,大多数是在美国以外。

  4. 尽管它在国际上是成功的,但MTV的全球扩张战略在一开始并不迅猛。尽管它在国际上是成功的,但MTV的全球扩张战略在一开始并不迅猛。 • 1987年,它在全欧洲只设了一条传输管网,几乎完全是由美国节目组成的,配有讲英语的播音员。该网的美国经理天真地认为欧洲人会蜂拥而来欣赏美国的节目,但尽管欧洲的观众对包括麦当娜、迈克尔·杰克逊在内的少数全球性超级明星也具有共同的兴趣,结果他们的口味还是令人惊讶地具有地区性。在德国流行的可能在英国并不流行。许多主打的美国音乐剧冷冷清清地退出了欧洲,结果MTV网蒙受了损失。 • 不久,欧洲一些地方台的模仿者雨后春笋般地涌现出来,主要播放各国自己的音乐剧,他们从MTV网那里拉走了观众和广告商。

  5. 1995年,MTV网改变了它的战略,把欧洲的节目划分为区域性的节目,现在这些区域性的传输网有8个:一个是为英国和爱尔兰提供节目;另一个是为德国、奥地利和瑞土作的;一个是为斯堪的纳维亚作的;一个为意大利;一个为法国;一个为西班牙;一个为荷兰;还有一个节目是为包括比利时和希腊在内的其他欧洲国家制作的。1995年,MTV网改变了它的战略,把欧洲的节目划分为区域性的节目,现在这些区域性的传输网有8个:一个是为英国和爱尔兰提供节目;另一个是为德国、奥地利和瑞土作的;一个是为斯堪的纳维亚作的;一个为意大利;一个为法国;一个为西班牙;一个为荷兰;还有一个节目是为包括比利时和希腊在内的其他欧洲国家制作的。 • 在世界其他地区该网采取相同的地方化战略,例如,在亚洲它对印度有一个英语-印地语频道;对中国大陆和中国台湾地区有单独的普通话节目;对韩国有韩语节目;对印度尼西亚有印尼语节目和对日本有日语节目等等。数字与卫星技术使节目的地方化更便宜也更容易,现在MTV网在一个卫星发射器上可以播放半打节目。 • 尽管MTV网正在实施创造性地控制这些不同的节目,尽管所有的频道都有与在美国的MTV同样熟悉的狂热外表和感觉,但现在越来越多的节目制作和内容都是当地的。

  6. 现在当MTV网开设一个地方台时,一开始都是由来自世界其他地区的人员完成公司文化和营运原则的“因子转移”。但一旦建立起来之后,该网就移交给当地雇员,外来人员就会离开。这样的观念是为了“了解当地观众的想法”,并制作符合他们口味的节目。尽管有60%多的节目仍然是在美国制作的,就像所推出的“真实的世界”在不同的国家内容都相同一样,但越来越多的节目在观念上都是本土的。现在当MTV网开设一个地方台时,一开始都是由来自世界其他地区的人员完成公司文化和营运原则的“因子转移”。但一旦建立起来之后,该网就移交给当地雇员,外来人员就会离开。这样的观念是为了“了解当地观众的想法”,并制作符合他们口味的节目。尽管有60%多的节目仍然是在美国制作的,就像所推出的“真实的世界”在不同的国家内容都相同一样,但越来越多的节目在观念上都是本土的。 • 在意大利,“MTV厨房”将烹饪与音乐倒计时相结合;在巴西则播放“色情作品”,特设了一个青少年讨论性的频道。印度频道则提供21个国产的节目,由说印式英语的地区播音员来主持,这是一种在城市流行的印地语和英语的混合。这些风行一时的节目包括“MTV板球技巧”,这适合于那些国人热衷于板球的地区,还有“MTV一家子”,由印度电影明星喋喋而谈(印度有着好莱坞之外最大的电影工业)以及“MTV Bakra",这个节目是仿“快照”制作的。

  7. 同样的地区性变化在由各网线所播送的音乐录像上也很明显,尽管某些音乐明星仍然具有全球性的吸引力,但在大多数市场上,现在有70%的录像节目都是本土的。在一个与“流行文化正变得更加全球化和雷同”的观念相反的直接倾向中,MTV国际网络主席威廉·罗迪评论说:“在文化和音乐两个方面,人们都会支持本国队,当地节目是个世界潮流,国际演艺巨星越来越少了。”当音乐的品位真的跨越边界时,MTV已经发现它常常处于其发展方向已很难预测的状况中。现在,在中国台湾地区风行一时的都是日本的流行音乐,而黑人音乐(soul)和嘻皮士的跳街乐(hip-hop)正在韩国流行。同样的地区性变化在由各网线所播送的音乐录像上也很明显,尽管某些音乐明星仍然具有全球性的吸引力,但在大多数市场上,现在有70%的录像节目都是本土的。在一个与“流行文化正变得更加全球化和雷同”的观念相反的直接倾向中,MTV国际网络主席威廉·罗迪评论说:“在文化和音乐两个方面,人们都会支持本国队,当地节目是个世界潮流,国际演艺巨星越来越少了。”当音乐的品位真的跨越边界时,MTV已经发现它常常处于其发展方向已很难预测的状况中。现在,在中国台湾地区风行一时的都是日本的流行音乐,而黑人音乐(soul)和嘻皮士的跳街乐(hip-hop)正在韩国流行。 • 这种本土化的推行使MTV网已取得了巨大的利益,也正从当地的模仿者那里夺得观众。在印度,在本土化开始推行的1996~2000年之间,收视率增长已超过了700%。本土化转而帮助MTV网夺得了更多的那些所有重要的广告收入,甚至是从那些拥有广告业、预算常常依地区确定的其他跨国公司那里,诸如可口可乐公司得到广告收入。在欧洲,MTV网的广告收入在1995~2000年间增长了50%。尽管泛欧广告的市场总和也就价值2亿美元,而整个欧洲地区广告的市场总和是一个大得多的馅饼,价值120亿美元。现在MTV网从地区场所得到了其欧洲广告收入的70%,而1995年只有15%。在世界其他地区也有明显的类似趋势。

  8. Opening case study • Why did MTV fail in 1987,when it started it’s global expansion ? • Can you explain the main strategy which was adopted by MTV after 1995? How many ways for a company to achieve the goals of this strategy? What are the benefits and costs of this strategy? • Can Intel company adopt the same strategy as MTV? Why or why not?

  9. Opening case study : Localization • The strategy focus on increasing profitability by customizing the firm’s goods and services so that they provide a good match to taste and preference in different nations. • Localization of manufacturing, marketing, and R&D, human resourcing. • Adaptation: in the industry which differentiation is more important than cost control.

  10. 7.1 Strategy and the firm 7.1.1 Strategy and value • A firm’s strategy refers to the actions that managers take to attain the goals of the firm • Profitability can be defined as the rate of return the firm makes on its invested capital • Profit growth is the percentage increase in net profits over time • Expanding internationally can boost profitability and profit growth

  11. Figure : Determinants of Enterprise Value

  12. 7.1.2 Value created • Two basic conditions determine a firm’s profit: • The amount of value customers place on the firm’s products; (V) • The firm’s cost of production (C)

  13. Value created: Activities performed that increase the value of goods and services to consumers. • It is measured by the differences between value and cost (V-C) • Two basic strategy : • Low cost strategy ; Minimum C • (低成本战略) • (2) Differentiation : Maximum V • (差异化战略)

  14. 7.1.3 Strategic Positioning(战略定位) Figure : Strategic Choice in the International Hotel Industry

  15. Strategic Positioning (战略定位) • Michael Porter argues that firms need to choose either differentiation or low cost, and then configure internal operations to support the choice To maximize long run return on invested capital, firms must: • pick a viable position on the efficiency frontier • configure internal operations to support that position • have the right organization structure in place to execute the strategy

  16. 7.1.4 The firm as a value chain

  17. 7.1.5 Organization: The Implementation of Strategy • Organization architecture: can be usedto refer to the totality of a firm’s organization, including: - formal organizational structure, - control systems and incentives, - organizational culture, - processes, - people. (组织结构:指企业组织整体,包括正式组织机构、控制和激励系统、组织文化、工作流程和人员)

  18. Figure : Organizational Architecture

  19. Organizational structure : • the formal division of the organization into subunits • the location of decision-making responsibilities within that structure (centralized versus decentralized) • the establishment of integrating mechanisms to coordinate the activities of subunits including cross-functional teams or pan-regional committees • Control systems are the metrics used to measure performance of subunits and make judgments about how well managers are running those subunits

  20. Incentives are the devices used to reward appropriate managerial behavior • Processes are the manner in which decisions are made and work is performed within the organization • Organizational culture refers to the norms and value systems that are shared among the employees of an organization • People refers to not just the employees of the organization, but also the strategy used to recruit, compensate, and retain those individuals and the type of people they are in terms of their skills, values, and orientation

  21. 7.1.6 In Sum: Strategic Fit Operations strategy Strategy supports Market conditions fits supports Organization architecture supports

  22. 7.2 Profiting from global expanding • Expanding the market: Leveraging products and competencies (扩大市场:转移国内产品和竞争力) • Location economies(区位经济) • Experience effects(经验效应) • Leveraging subsidiary skill(转移子公司技术)

  23. 7.2.1 Expanding the market: Leveraging products and competencies • Expanding the market: • producing at home and selling internationally; • replicating business model in foreign countries. • Core competence: (核心竞争力) Firm skills that the competitor not easily match or imitate. • Implications: - existing in any value creative activity eg: Apple, Toyota, Mc’donald, P&G, Starbuck, - It is the bedrock of a firm’s competitive advantage. - when does a firm need to leverage its core competence ?

  24. Mcdonald’s Everywhere • What is Mcdonald’s core competence? • When does a firm need to leverage its core competence ? • What do you think Mcdonald’s setting up a new food-processing plant in Russia,which cost $40million? • What are your comments of some changes made in Brazil ,India? • What strategy did Mcdonald’s adopt besides leveraging the core competence?

  25. 案例:无处不在的麦当劳 • 麦当劳于1955年建立,到20世纪80年代初,它遇到了一个问题:经过30年的迅速发展,美国的快餐市场开始显示出饱和的迹象。麦当劳对这种发展放缓的反应是迅速向海外扩张。在1980年,有28%的新连锁店在海外开张;1986年上升到40%,1990年接近60%,2000年这一数字几乎是90%。 自从20世纪80年代初以来,该企业的国外收入和利润每年增长22%。到2009年年底,企业在美国以外的120个国家开有31000多家快餐店。这些快餐店产生的收益在该企业占了53%。 • 麦当劳没有显出发展放缓的迹象。管理层注意到:在它最近开拓经营的一些海外国家,每500 000人中只有—家麦当劳。相比之下,在美国每25000人中就有一家麦当劳。此外,现在企业只为不到世界人口1%的人服务。企业计划让在海外的扩张继续以高速发展。在欧洲,企业在1999年开设了500多家快餐店,2005年也一样,同时亚洲的数字大概是800家,2010年仅在中国开了150多家。

  26. 麦当劳成功进行海外扩张的一个关键因素是周密的计划。麦当劳成功进行海外扩张的一个关键因素是周密的计划。 • 当麦当劳进入一个国家时,它是在经过详细的准备之后才进行的。在一个可以说是很典型的模式中,麦当劳1992年在波兰开第一家餐馆之前,花了18个月的时间进行必要的接触,了解当地的文化。地点、房产、建筑、供应、人员、法规以及政府关系都事先考虑周全。1992年6月,一个由来自美国、俄罗斯、德国和英国的50位成员组成的小组来到波兰,帮助头4家快餐店的开张。首要目标是雇用和培训当地人员。到1994年中期,所有那些小组成员都返回了他们自己的国家。波兰本地的那些经过培训已经达到经营麦当劳企业要求的人员替代了他们。

  27. 麦当劳国际战略的另一个关键是管理技术的输出,正是这些管理技术刺激了它在美国的发展。麦当劳在美国的成功是建立在同供货商的密切关系、全国性的市场能力、对店级操作程序的严格控制以及鼓励单个特许经营者的特许经销系统这样一套规则上。虽然这套系统在美国无懈可击,但在其他国家得做一些适当调整。麦当劳国际战略的另一个关键是管理技术的输出,正是这些管理技术刺激了它在美国的发展。麦当劳在美国的成功是建立在同供货商的密切关系、全国性的市场能力、对店级操作程序的严格控制以及鼓励单个特许经营者的特许经销系统这样一套规则上。虽然这套系统在美国无懈可击,但在其他国家得做一些适当调整。 • 一个很大的挑战是向每个餐馆灌输相同的狂热的文化和标准化的操作程序,这在美国一直是其成功的标志。为了帮助完成这一任务,麦当劳通过组建合资企业谋求大合作伙伴的支持。合作伙伴在把企业的价值领会并移植到当地雇员身上起着关键作用。

  28. 外国合伙人还在帮助麦当劳将其营销方法和菜单适合当地条件方面起着关键作用。虽然美国风味的快餐仍是菜单上的主要品种,但本地产品也增添上去。例如,在巴西,麦当劳销售一种由一种亚马逊浆果制成的软饮料。麦当劳在马来西亚、新加坡和中国台湾地区的合伙人在牛奶和冰淇淋混合饮料中加上榴莲调味;在阿拉伯国家,麦当劳餐店保留了伊斯兰教的合法食物菜谱,这意味着在食物配制,尤其是牛肉配制方面依从伊斯兰教规。1995年,麦当劳在耶路撒冷郊区开了第一家供应符合犹太教规的洁净食物的餐馆。这家餐馆不卖奶制品。在印度,巨无霸汉堡包是由羊肉制成,被称为“土邦汉堡”。外国合伙人还在帮助麦当劳将其营销方法和菜单适合当地条件方面起着关键作用。虽然美国风味的快餐仍是菜单上的主要品种,但本地产品也增添上去。例如,在巴西,麦当劳销售一种由一种亚马逊浆果制成的软饮料。麦当劳在马来西亚、新加坡和中国台湾地区的合伙人在牛奶和冰淇淋混合饮料中加上榴莲调味;在阿拉伯国家,麦当劳餐店保留了伊斯兰教的合法食物菜谱,这意味着在食物配制,尤其是牛肉配制方面依从伊斯兰教规。1995年,麦当劳在耶路撒冷郊区开了第一家供应符合犹太教规的洁净食物的餐馆。这家餐馆不卖奶制品。在印度,巨无霸汉堡包是由羊肉制成,被称为“土邦汉堡”。 • 不过,麦当劳最大的问题是如何在其他国家复制美国的供应连锁。美国的供应商对麦当劳都极为忠实;因为他们的命运同麦当劳紧密联系在一起。麦当劳对其使用的所有原材料都严格分类,这对它的一致性和质量控制很关键。但在美国之外,麦当劳发现供应商远没那么情愿进行所要求的投资来满足分类要求。

  29. 例如,在英国麦当劳在让当地面包房生产汉堡面包方面遇到了困难。在经历了两个面包房的质量问题之后,麦当劳自己建面包房来供应它在那里的餐馆。在一个更极端的例子中, 当麦当劳决定在俄罗斯开一家店时,它发观当地供应商缺乏生产它要求的高质量产品的能力。麦当劳不得不通过当地食品业以异常大的规模纵向联合,进口西红柿种子和公牛精子,直接经营奶牛场、牧场和蔬菜基地。它还得花4 000万美元建立世界上最大的食品加工厂。而建快餐店本身只花了450万美元。 • 现在已经有了成功的海外经营,麦当劳的收获超过了直接的财政收益。该企业越来越发现它在海外的特许经销商是宝贵新点子的源泉。荷兰的企业建立了预制的组装餐馆,可以在周末搬走,观在被广泛用做户外活动的临时餐馆。瑞典人想出了加大的肉类冷藏柜,现已在企业广泛使用。而卫星店,或低顶微型麦当劳店,现在美国的医院和体育运动场出现,这是在新加坡发明的。

  30. Q: Mcdonald’s core competence A: • Standard management model; - close relation to suppliers - domestic marketing ability - tight control over business operation - encouragement on franchising • Unique company’s culture;

  31. Q: When does a firm need to leverage its core competence ? A: • The products and technologic or management know-how which a company owns is unique; • The consumers over-evaluate the products; • Less competitors

  32. 7.2.2 Location economies • Location economies: Cost advantages from performing a value creation activity at the optimallocation for that activity. • Two effects: lower the costs; (- C) differentiate the products. (+V) • Creating global web: How were GM products produced? - Designing in Germany; • Key components in Japan/Taiwan/Singapore; • Assembling in South Korea; • Advertising Strategy in GB • Some considerations: transportation, barriers , politic risks

  33. 7.2.3 Experience effects • (1)Experience curve :Systematic production cost reduction that occur over the life of a product.

  34. (2) Learning effects: cost saving from learning by doing • (3) Economies of scale: Cost advantages associated with large-scale production The sources of economic scale: • The ability to spread the fix cost over a large volume. • Global market and Efficient scale • The ability large firms to employ increasingly specialized equipment or personnel.

  35. (4) Strategic Implications of experience curve • Strategies of moving down the experience curve (reduce C): - to increase the volume produced by a single plant as rapid as possible( not many plants!) - to price and market aggressively - become a barrier to the new competitors

  36. 7.2.4Leveraging Subsidiary Skills Q: What are the else benefits did M’C get beyond the immediate financial ? • Leveraging the skills created within the subsidiaries and applying them to other operations may create value. • Implication: • Valuable skills can arise anywhere within the firms network. • Establish an incentive system to encourage local employees to acquire new skills. • Have a process for identifying new skills. • Act as facilitators, help to transfer skills within the firm.

  37. 7.3 Pressure for cost reduction and local responsiveness

  38. 7.3.1 Pressure for cost reduction • In some fields or industries, price is the main competitive weapon. - Needs: Universal needs, because of the similar taste and preferences. - Industries: In mass-produced standardized industries: bulk chemicals, petroleum, steel, sugar, calculators, semiconductor chips, personal computers, liquid crystal display screen - The production capacity: exceed - Switching cost: low • Implications: how to benefit globally - Location economies - Experience effects

  39. 7.3.2 Pressure to be locally responsive • In some fields or industries, differentiation is the main competitive weapon: • differences in consumer’s tastes; • differences in infrastructure and traditional practices; • differences in distribution channels; • host government demands. • Implications: how to benefit globally ? core competitiveness leveraging

  40. 7.4 Strategic Choices 全球标准化战略 跨国战略 国际战略 本土化战略

  41. International Strategy • The international strategyinvolves taking products first produced for the domestic market and then selling them internationally with only minimal local customization(最小的当地定制要求) The international strategy makes sense when • there are low cost pressures • low pressures for local responsiveness • If a firm has a valuable core competence while its competitors lack.

  42. Localization Strategy • The localization strategyfocuses on increasing profitability by customizing the firm’s goods or services so that they provide a good match to tastes and preferences in different national markets • Adjust its Marketing strategies The localization strategy makes sense when: • there are substantial differences across nations with regard to consumer tastes and preferences • where cost pressures are not too intense

  43. Global Standardization Strategy • The global standardization strategyfocuses on increasing profitability and profit growth by reaping the cost reductions that come from economies of scale, learning effects, and location economies • The strategic goal is to pursue a low-cost strategy on a global scale The global standardization strategy makes sense when: • there are strong pressures for cost reductions • demands for local responsiveness are minimal

  44. Transnational Strategy The transnational strategytries to simultaneously: • achieve low costs through location economies, economies of scale, and learning effects • differentiate the product offering across geographic markets to account for local differences • foster a multidirectional flow of skills between different subsidiaries in the firm’s global network of operations The transnational strategy makes sense when: • cost pressures are intense • pressures for local responsiveness are intense

  45. Summary Location economies Profiting Experience effects + Leveraging core competence Leveraging subsidiary skill Cost reduction Pressure Local Responsiveness Four categories of Strategies

  46. The advantages and disadvantages of the four strategies

  47. The Evolution of Strategy Figure : Changes in Strategy over Time

  48. 7.5 Strategic Alliances • Strategic Alliances: Cooperative agreements between potential or actual competitors. • Why is collaboration between competitors “fashionable”? • What are the risks in Strategic Alliances? • How to make Strategic Alliances work?

  49. 7.5 Strategic Alliances Advantages: • Facilitate entry a foreign market • Share fixed costs • Trade core competence • Establish tech. Standard in an industry Disadvantages • Give competitors low-cost new tech.and market

  50. 7.5 Strategic Alliances Partner selection Characteristics of Good Partners: • Help the firm achieve its goal; • Share the vision for the purpose of the alliance; • Unlikely to try to opportunistically exploit the alliance for its own ends.

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