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Antimicrobial Drugs

This chapter offers a comprehensive examination of antimicrobial drugs and their historical context, highlighting key figures such as Paul Ehrlich and Domagk. It categorizes chemotherapeutics into structural analogues and antibiotics, explaining their mechanisms of action, including cell wall and protein synthesis inhibitors. The chapter also explores the resistance mechanisms developed by bacteria against these drugs and the future directions in antimicrobial therapy. It covers diverse topics like viral and fungal control, emphasizing the ongoing challenge of drug resistance in medicine.

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Antimicrobial Drugs

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  1. Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 20

  2. I. Chemotherapeutics • A. History • Paul Ehrlich • Structural analogues • 1935: Domagk

  3. B. General types of chemotherapeutics • 1. Structural analogues • competitive inhibitors • growth factors

  4. 2. Antibiotics • Chemicals secreted by organisms to kill off other organisms • Primarily isolated from

  5. C. Specificity of various antibiotics

  6. III. Sites of interaction • Cell wall • Cell membrane • Essential metabolite biosynthesis • Protein synthesis • DNA replication and transcription

  7. IV. Cell wall inhibitors • A. Penicillin family • Benzylpenicillin

  8. B. Resistance to penicillin

  9. C. Penicillin family: modifications of side chain • Methicillin • Ampicillin • Carbenicillin • Oxacillin

  10. D. Other cell wall growth inhibitors • Cephalosporins • Bacitracin • Vancomycin

  11. V. Inhibitors of protein synthesis • Aminoglycosides

  12. Aminoglycosides, cont • Tetracyclines • Macrolides

  13. VI. Inhibitors of nucleic acid biosynthesis • Rifamycin • Quinolones

  14. VII. Interaction with plasma membrane

  15. VIII. Viral control • Chemical inhibition • Interferon

  16. IX. Fungal control • Unique membrane components • Folate biosynthesis

  17. Others block • chitin biosynthesis • nucleic acid biosynthesis • microtubule assembly

  18. X. Drug resistance • Prevent entry • Alter binding site • Inactivate drug

  19. XI. And in the future. . .

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