Chapter 30

1. Chapter 30 A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order By: Tyler & Stacia

2. Causes for WWII: Japan • Guomindang (Nationalist) Party gains power in China. • Strikes fear in Japanese army officers (exert power over Manchuria after Russo-Japanese War) • Japan gradually militarized due to fears. • Seized Manchuria in 1931 →Manchukuo • International crisis → politicians unwilling to object to Japanese demands that could weaken negotiations.

3. Causes for WWII: Germany • Germany’s growth was quick and radical. • Treaty of Versailles (ended WWI) • Hyperinflation, Weimar Era 1920s • National Socialist party (Nazis) under Hitler continued to gain seats in the parliament. More promises → more power. • Nazi agenda: Destroy Treaty of Versailles • Rearmament (1935), Rhineland militarized (1936), union with Austria and seizure of Czechoslovakia (1938), occupation of Czechoslovak Republic. • Empowered Mussolini: Ethiopia bombings • Hitler & Mussolini: Spanish Civil War • Franco refused to join them in WWII. Warning: Zombies not affiliated with WWII or Hitler.

4. Invasion Begins • WWII: 9-1-1939 → German invasion of Poland. • Clashes with Japan after seizure of Manchuria 1930-1945. • Reluctance of Western democracies to halt Nazi regimes assisted the Germans. • H & M: Noticed Br, Fr and US were willing to sacrifice smaller states in order to appease Axis powers. • Leaders like Winston Churchill were kept out of power. Anti-war public • -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Manchukuo (Japan) attacked China in 1937. • Leaders and officers discouraged the assault but were silenced by assassination threats. • Total War: pillage, murder of civilians, rape • Lack of coordination and consultation • Tripartite Pact: 1940 • Hitler signs non-aggression pact with Soviet Union. → Divide Poland and other states.

5. Turning the Tides • Reluctance to rearm by Western democracies and Soviet Union allowed for crushing victories by Axis Powers. • Tide turns for Allies: ← Nazi preoccupation at Russian border, US involvement. • Anglo-American & Soviet Alliance: more powerful → pop., potential industrial production, tech. innovations, military capacity.

6. Blitzkrieg in Europe • Japan → China, debating over US invasion • Germany → France, Low Countries. British retreated to Britain. • “Blitzkrieg”: lightning war • Overwhelmed Poland in 1939 • Defeated Fr and Br in France in a few days, 1940. • Rotterdam destroyed due to Dutch resistance. • 40,000 killed • Vichy: Nazi puppet helped Germans control France • A few months later, Norway and Denmark. • Battle of Britain: Allied victory • Strong leadership, innovative tactics, radar, bravery, high morale. • Germans had to abandon plans to control Britain

7. Blitzkrieg in Europe (cont’d) • Germans dominated Italian’s plans to control Albania, Yugoslavia, and Greece. • Erwin Rommel: Offenses on N. Africa and Egypt • Goal of seizing Suez Canal • Drove Soviets out of Finland, Poland and Baltic States, some of Byelorussia and Ukraine • German advances were halted in winter at Moscow and Leningrad • 1943 Russian forces fight back against weakened Germans. • All Nazis cleared out by late 1944.

8. From Persecution to Genocide:Hitler’s War Against the Jews • Persecution (not just Jews) • Wannsee Conference, Feb, 1942: Purpose of regime → genocide • Removal → Destruction of Jews • Concentration camps → “factories for mass production of death” • Labor or Death • Holocaust: 6 million Jews, 12 million total • Worst genocide of 20th century. • Italians and Danes resisted Nazi demands to send Jews. • Worsened by Western reluctance to accept Jews. (Immigration) • Allied responses led to Zionist movements to create a Jewish state in Palestine.

9. America on the Offensive • United States assisted to Britain • Clothing, weapons and food • American forces counteract German U-boat attacks • America helps Britain • Reverse German control in North Africa • Mussolini, fascist leader of Italy • Killed by civilians due to Nazi takeover in Italy. • Battle of the Bulge- Hitler's last effort to repel Allied forces • Adolf Hitler commits suicide in a Berlin Bunker two weeks later

10. Decline of Japan in the Pacific • Japan attacks Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 • Japan captured Hong Kong (British territory),Burma and Malaya • overran Dutch East Indies and French Indochina • United States enter as a main counterpart to Japan • Japan starts its decline due to lack of resources • Battle of the Coral Sea • Atomic bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

11. United Nation • United Nations made between Allied forces • added Soviet Union and China • Provide a forum for negotiating international problems • Includes the World Court of Justice • concerned with problems of human rights and famine • programs directed toward specific groups

12. Cold War • Due to no clear peace negotiation after WWII • Tehran Conference- Allies agree to invasion of Nazi- occupied France • Yalta Conference-Split Germany into four zones • France, United States, Soviet Union, Britain • Potsdam Conference-Determine who would gain which land after the war • USSR, USA, UK

13. Nationalism and Decolonization • Total War- smaller inner city wars due to WWII • Atlantic Charter of 1941 • Sealed alliance between America and Great Britain • Stated the ideals and goals of the war for Allied powers • Caused Japanese government to push more aggressively against the United States and Britain • Allowed people to choose which form of government they wanted to live

14. Colonies in Southeast Asia • WWII ended alliance b/w Indian National Congress and Britain • Civil disobedience and the arrest of Nehru and Gandhi created tension. • Muslim League: Wanted partition of India into Muslim and Hindu areas. • Sided with Britain • 1947: India was divided into India and Pakistan • Later: Sri Lanka and Burma (Myanmar) • Retreat of Br from S. Asia created similar responses with the Dutch and French. • Indonesia and Vietnam

15. Liberation of Nonsettler Africa • Convention Peoples Party (CPP)- Against British legislature in the Gold Coast • Mass rallies, boycotts, strikes against the British • Led by Kwame Nkrumah • Nkrumah named prime minister of Ghana by the British • Shows power transfer from Britain to well educated Africans • French began moving out of Africa, leaving economic and cultural ties

16. Guerrilla Warfare • Kenya African Union (KAU)-Underground organization centered around radical leaders • Land Freedom Army-used to fight and terrorize the British and African who were to be working with the British • National Liberation Front (FLN)- Arab and Berber peoples to revolt against the French rule • Secret Army Organization (OAS)-Attempt to prevent Algerian independence from France • Algeria wins independence in 1962

17. White Supremacy in South Africa • Afrikaner National Party-Devoted to win total independence from Britain • Apartheid-system of racial segregation by the Afrikaners • Best jobs for whites and only certain contact between racial groups • Black Africans could not vote • Afrikaners make large police to enforce these laws • White Supremacy stays in control

18. Middle East • Zionist- Those who feel Jewish people should have their own homeland • Large Jewish immigration into Palestine • Muslim revolt in Palestine • Haganah-Zionist military force • Partition of Palestine- Divided Palestine between Jewish and Arab states made by the UN • War between Arab and Jewish state broke out over land

19. Global Connections • Ended Western Imperialism throughout the world • Well educated Africans took over the jobs of the Europeans • Education now to teach more about Africa and Asia rather than just about Europe • Many continue to communicate in English and French • Europe still claims dominance of global economy • African and Asian leaders had to promise to protect western merchants and their interests