Understanding Plate Tectonics: The Dynamics of Earth's Surface and Geological Activity

Feb 10, 2026

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This review explores the complex mechanisms of plate tectonics, including various fault types (normal, reverse, strike-slip) and volcanic formations (shield, cinder-cone, composite). It discusses key concepts such as subduction zones, seismic gaps, and the global distribution of earthquakes. Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift and supporting evidence, like mid-ocean ridges and magnetic reversals, are examined. Additionally, it covers features like deep-sea trenches, hotspots (e.g., Hawaiian Islands), and the role of convection currents in driving tectonic activity.

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Understanding Plate Tectonics: The Dynamics of Earth's Surface and Geological Activity

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PLATE TECTONICS REVIEW
P – waves • S – waves • Surface waves • Travel time graph • Normal fault • Reverse fault • Strike-slip fault • Hot spot (Hawaiian Islands)
Focus • Epicenter • Deep sea trenches • Vents, craters, and calderas • San Andreas fault • Tension • Compression • Shearing
Subduction • Seismic gaps • Continental Drift • Alfred Wegener • Evidence for Continental Drift • Mid-ocean ridge • Magnetic reversal • Convection currents
Crater Lake in Oregon? • Shield volcano • Cinder-cone volcano • Composite volcano • Global pattern of earthquake distribution