Social Studies Benchmark Review

1. Social Studies Benchmark Review February 27, 2012 Mr. Durfee, Mrs. Hillyard and Coach Lindemann

2. Colonization & Revolution • Applachian Mountains were used to mark the edge of American lands in the Proclamation Line of 1763. • Triangular trade routes involved the direct exchange of rum for slaves. • Colonists moved to a representative form of government because of the the increase in population and their desire for political participation denied them in England • Puritans came to America to start a religious community • A farming (agricultural) economy in the southern colonies was created because of the mild climate, rich soil and long growing seasons.

3. Revolution • Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense to encourage more people to support American Independence • Stamp Act, Boston Massacre, Tea Act, and Intolerable Acts were factors that lead to the American Revolution. • Battle of Saratoga was a turning point because it led France to make a treaty with America against England. • Samuel Adams was the leader of the SONS OF LIBERTY

4. Constitution • The creation of the Legislative, Executive and Judicial branches of government were to create a SEPARATION OF POWERS. • Free speech was protected to give all parts of society a voice in government. • The Virginia Plan was based on a state’s population and the New Jersey Plan was based on equal representation for each state which led to the Great Compromise. • Magna Carta’s clause #39 had a direct impact on the Bill of Rights because it talked of right to trial by a jury before being convicted of a crime. • Changes (amendments) HAD to pass both houses of Congress by 2/3 and be approved by ¾ of state legislatures. • Articles of Confedersation denied the powers of taxations, trade regulation, and tariffs (tax on imported goods) to Congress because they feared a strong central government. • Popular soveriegnty meant that the source of power for the government came from the people of the U.S. • The Bill of Rights includes the right to free speech, religion, free press, and peacable assembly. • Unalienable rights are rights that all people have and that can never be taken.

5. Landmark Supreme Court Cases • Marbury V. Madison= Judicial Review • Dred Scott v. Sandford=slaves were property and not citizens.

6. Early America • ¾ of Americans were farmers • Disagreement over issues led to the creation of political parties such as the Federalists and Democratic Republican (Farmers vs. Manufacturing). • Geo. Washington warned against foreign alliances, debt, and political parties in his farewell address. • U.S. land size doubles after Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803. • Jefferson and John Adams served as Vice-Presidents and later Presidents of the U.S.A.

7. Pre-Civil War • Jackson moved the Cherokee west to Oklahoma to give white settlers Native American land in the southeast U.S. • NULLIFCATION CRISIS centered around states declaring federal laws unconstitutional. • Southern states disliked high tariffs because they led to higher prices for manufactured goods. • Steamboats changed life along U.S. rivers by making manufactured items more accesible. • Mid 1800’s Americans moved west after gold was discovered in California. • New states in the 1850s were admitted after determining whether they would be a free or slave state which created many arguments. • TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO gave land to the U.S. from Mexicao as a result of the Mexican-American War.

8. Industrial Revolution • Steam powered riverboats and trains • Rise in immigration • Technological advances • Economic Growth • Cheap goods • Child labor • BY 1850 the majority of Americans lived in rural areas in the Northeast, Midwest and the South. • Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical Reaper changed crop farming by reducing the labor needed for picking or harvesting crops. • As more people moved to the cities to work in factories, environment was changed to suit the needs of humans. • As interchangeable parts were produced, more products became available to consumers due to decreased cost. • Plantation owners received the greatest benefit with the invention of the cotton gin because they needed to buy less slaves to harvest cotton. • More inventions meant more travel options for Americans to get to and from all areas of the U.S.