Ocean Governance for the United States

1. Ocean Governance for the United States A New Approach The Project on Ocean Governance School of Marine Affairs University of Washington

2. An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century

3. Overview • History • Background on the United States Commission on Ocean Policy • Commission Recommendations • Bush Ocean Action Plan

4. The 6 Phases of National Ocean Policy • 1945-1960: National attention focused on the oceans • 1966-1970: The high point of national marine policy development • 1970’s: The proliferation of environmental and ocean and coastal legislation • 1980’s: International Law of the Sea Development • 1990’s: International environmental law emerges • 2000– the present: A renewed approach to nat’l ocean policy

5. National attention focused on the oceans Post WWII: 1945-1960 • Truman Declarations of 1945 • Tidelands Controversy 1947 - 53 • Submerged Lands Act and Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act • UN CLOS I and II (1958 and 1960)

6. The high point The Marine Science Council, 1966-1972 • Established by the President • Cabinet level council chaired by the Vice President • Issued five annual reports describing US ocean activities and expenditures, and declaring Administration policy Hubert H. Humphrey, Chairman

7. The high point The Stratton Commission, 1966-1970 • Expert panel of 15 commissioners • Chaired by non-governmental, academic, philanthropic leader, Julius Stratton • Published influential report "Our Nation and the Sea" (1969)

8. The proliferation of legislation US Federal Legislation of the 1970s • Coastal Zone Management Act • Marine Mammal Protection Act • Marine Sanctuary Protection Act • Ocean Dumping Act • National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere • Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments • Magnuson Fisheries Conservation and Management Act • Port and Waterway Safety Act • Deepwater Ports Act

9. Law of the Sea Development • LOSC III signed but US does not sign or ratify • Proclamation of 200 mile EEZ, 1983 • Territorial Sea expanded to 12 miles in 1988

10. International policy development The 1990s • UNCED 1992, Agenda 21, GCC and CBD Conventions, LOSC enters into force • International aid, global foundations, and regional action • International scientific collaborations • Growth of the NGO sector

11. Expansion of ocean jurisdiction The 1958 zonal approach 12 NM Baseline ?? NM C.Z. T.S. High Seas Low Water Continental Shelf Thanks to Craig Allen

12. Expansion of ocean jurisdiction The modern regime 200 NM EEZ (188 NM wide) Internal waters 12 NM C.Z. 12 NM *Baseline* High Seas Uplands T.S. High Water Tidelands Low Water Submerged Lands Continental Shelf Deep Seabed Thanks to Craig Allen

13. The renewal of national ocean policy The Oceans Act of 2000 • 1990-1997: Heightened call for “Stratton II” • 1997-2000: Policy debate over a National Oceans Act • 2000: The Oceans Act passes and establishes the United States Commission on Ocean Policy • Objective is to develop recommendations to present to the President and Congress for “coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy”.

14. The renewal of national ocean policy The U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy • Bi-partisan panel • Broad range of expertise • Geographic balance

15. Presidential response The President has 90 days to submit to Congress a statement of proposals to implement or respond to the Commission’s recommendations. The Bush Administration “Ocean Action Plan” was announced December 17, 2004.

16. For more information on the United States Commission on Ocean Policy and its Final Report, visit: www.oceancommission.gov. For an initial history of the Commission and its work, visit http://courses.washington.edu/oceangov/workingdocs.html

17. The Pew Oceans Commission An independent review of ocean policy • 18 Commissioners selected by the Pew Foundation • A bipartisan and independent effort • Started in 2000 and overlapped with USCOP efforts • Focus on living marine resources

18. The Pew Oceans Commission Objectives • “Identify policies and practices necessary to restore and protect living marine resources in U.S. waters and coastal habitats.” • Raise public awareness of threats to marine biodiversity and importance of coastal resources. Visit www.pewoceans.org

19. Final Report Contents The new ocean governance framework Education Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge International role Advancing our understanding Water Quality and Pollution Ocean Value & Vitality

20. Final Report Contents The new ocean policy framework Education • K-12 • Higher Ed & the workforce • Informal ed Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge International role Advancing our understanding Water Quality and Pollution Ocean Value & Vitality

21. Education and the workforce • Education coordination and development are key functions within the National Ocean Council • Align education with workforce needs • Develop diverse ocean-related education at all post-secondary levels • Promote federal stipends for ocean-related education at the post-secondary level • Encourage cross-disciplinary courses of ocean study

22. Final Report Contents The new ocean policy framework Education Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge • Watersheds • Natural hazards • Restoration • Shorelines • Commerce International role Advancing our understanding Water Quality and Pollution Ocean Value & Vitality

23. Coastal management “A new generation of coastal management” • Managing Coasts and their watersheds • Protecting people and property from natural hazards • Conserving and Restoring Coastal Habitat • Managing Sediments and Shorelines • Supporting Marine Commerce and Transportation

24. Coastal management Managing Coasts and their Watersheds • Upgrade management of increasingly crowded shores (e.g. smart growth, cumulative impacts) • Link coastal and watershed management and improve federal support for watershed initiatives • Improve performance and procedures of coastal management programs • Consider merging area-based ocean and coastal resource programs

25. Coastal management Protection from natural hazards • Address growing costs of coastal hazards and data needs • Eliminate federal incentives that encourage inappropriate development • Better incorporate hazard risk into federal project analysis • Improve awareness of hazard risks • Improve the National Flood Insurance Program • Improve hazard mitigation planning www.ecy.wa.gov Washaway Beach, WA www.ecy.wa.gov Ocean Shores, WA

26. Coastal management Conserving and restoring coastal habitat • The need to conserve and restore • Conserving coastal habitat • Habitat conservation programs • Funding for Habitat Conservation • Restoring coastal habitat • The need for better understanding • The special case of wetlands NOAA CRP, salmon restoration Restore America’s Estuaries, seagrass transplant-ation

27. Coastal management Managing sediments and shorelines • Sediment Management at Watershed Scale • Human intervention • Changing quantities • Changing quality (coping with contaminated sediments) • Costs and benefits of dredging • Research gaps http://www.cerc.cr.usgs.gov Twelve Mile Creek receiving flow from Birch Creek which is carrying a heavy sediment load, central Alaska.

28. Coastal management Marine commerce and transportation • Importance of US Marine Transportation System (MTS) • Improve coordination between MTS components • Link MTS to National transportation infrastructure • Meet information needs for planning future growth • Enhance emergency preparedness Port of Seattle

29. Final Report Contents The new ocean policy framework Education Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge International role Water Quality and Pollution Advancing our understanding • Coastal pollution • Monitoring • Vessel pollution • Invasive species • Marine debris Ocean Value & Vitality

30. Water Quality and Pollution Addressing coastal water pollution • Coastal waters under siege • Managing point sources of pollution • Managing nonpoint sources of pollution • Managing atmospheric sources of pollution EPA office of water

31. Water Quality and Pollution • Limiting vessel pollution and improving vessel safety • Flag state oversight, port state control, controlling pollution, research • Preventing the spread of invasive species • Current approaches, major vectors, prevention, improving management • Reducing marine debris • Current efforts, derelict fishing gear, port reception facilities

32. Final Report Contents The new ocean policy framework Education Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge International role Water Quality and Pollution Advancing our understanding Ocean Value & Vitality

33. Ocean Value and Vitality Achieving Sustainable Fisheries • Upgrade scientific input and separate scientific and management decisions • Strengthen research that supports management of commercial and recreational fishing • Clarify fishery management jurisdictions and upgrade interstate fishery organizations • Broaden Fishery Council membership

34. Ocean Value and Vitality Achieving Sustainable Fisheries, cont’d • Authorize use of dedicated access privileges • Repeal programs that promote overcapitalization • Improve fishery enforcement through cooperation and technology • Move toward ecosystem based management through habitat protection, by-catch reduction, and multi-species management • Upgrade management of international fisheries

35. Ocean Value and Vitality Protecting Marine Mammals • Threats to marine mammals • Improving marine mammal protection • Meeting research and education needs • Applying ecosystem-based management www.noaanews.noaa.gov www.yoto98.noaa.gov www.ucsc.edu

36. Ocean Value and Vitality Preserving Coral Reefs • Coral ecosystems • The existing management framework • International coral reef protection • Improving understanding of corals FKNMS

37. Marine Archaeology

38. Ocean Value and Vitality Marine aquaculture • Challenges to expansion • Developing and implementing national aquaculture policy • Increasing the knowledge base • International concerns and cooperation www.photolib.noaa.gov Offshore Pacific threadfin (Moi) pen, HI

39. Ocean Value and Vitality Connecting oceans and human health • Links between oceans and human health • Beneficial uses of marine-derived bio-products • Negative health impacts of marine organisms • Increasing federal coordination of oceans and human health research www.wdfw.wa.gov

40. Ocean Value and Vitality Development of offshore energy and other mineral resources • Non-living resources in federal waters • Oil and gas • Methane hydrates • Renewable energy • Other marine minerals Wave Dragon – a large offshore wave energy converter www.wavedragon.net

41. Oil and Gas Development • Trend toward deepwater development • OCSLA vs. CZMA • Federal-State relations

42. Oil and Gas Development

43. Final Report Contents The new ocean policy framework Education Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge International role Advancing our understanding Water Quality and Pollution • Research • Observing systems • Technology • Data Ocean Value & Vitality

44. Research/ Education Monterey Bay Aquarium/ MBARI R/V Western Flyer ROV Tiburon Hydrothermal vent

45. Coastal Ocean Observing Lab Ocean Observing Systems

46. Ocean Research/Observing Systems The Neptune Project

47. Final Report Contents The new ocean policy framework Education Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy International role America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge • International ocean policy and science Advancing our understanding Water Quality and Pollution Ocean Value & Vitality

48. Final Report Contents The new ocean governance framework Education Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy • National Council • Regional Approach • Offshore management • Consolidation America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge International role Advancing our understanding Water Quality and Pollution Ocean Value & Vitality

49. Governance framework The national level initiative Executive Office of the President Scientific and Technical Advisors Ocean Policy Advisors (non-federal) National Ocean Council Chair: Assistant to the President for Ocean Affairs Committee on Ocean Resource Management Committee on Ocean Science, Applications and Technology

50. National Ocean Council Functions • Develop goals for national ocean governance • Recommend and oversee national ocean policy • Coordinate/ integrate activities of federal ocean agencies • Stimulate regional approaches to ocean management • Identify redundancies • Guide use of science for policy • Support partnerships: agency/NGO, private/public • Expand agency outreach • Assess state of nation’s oceans and coasts