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Evolution of Policing in America: Past to Present

Explore the transformation of policing from ancient times to modern-day, examining the history, functions, and structure of police agencies in America. Learn about the different levels of law enforcement, the use of force continuum, and the significant role police play in maintaining law and order in society.

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Evolution of Policing in America: Past to Present

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  1. Understanding the Criminal Justice System CJUS 101 Chapter 5: Police and Policing

  2. Police in America - largest / most visible - enforce laws / keep the peace - investigators / traffic enforcers - social services a. “Thin blue line” - 90% = non-criminal - reporting / patrol / public relations (1) History of policing - 9th century

  3. - Alfred the Great - preparing for war - civil policing - mutual pledge - 10’s / 100’s (a) Constable - reported to “Reeve” - in charge of “Shire” - Reeve of the Shire - Shire’s Reeve - sheriff

  4. (b) 17th century England - people were the police - “hue and cry” - start = paid policing - “thief takers” (2) London police - beginning of modern policing - horse patrol - river police (a) Sir Robert Peel

  5. - Metropolitan Police – 1829 - City of London Police (b) First professional departments - uniforms / badges / name tags - training b. Colonial America - followed English tradition - large criminal population (1) Movement west

  6. - constables = eastern states - sheriff = southern states - sheriff / marshal = western territories (a) Sheriff - first elected enforcement officer - county wide office (b) Marshal - policed towns - enforcement in town limits - town ordinances

  7. (2) Law of the gun - vigilante justice (a) Posse comitatus - all able bodied men - rode with sheriff / marshal (b) Texas Rangers – 1823 - first territorial police - first state police (c) Arizona Rangers

  8. - second state police (d) US Marshal - federal court officer - served civil papers - transported federal prisoners - tracked wanted federal felons c. Modern police agencies - over 50,000 federal / state / local (1) Federal

  9. - enforce federal laws - assist state / local police (a) Department of Justice - FBI / DEA / INS / US Marshal - ATF / White House Police (b) Department of Homeland Security - Secret Service / Customs - Border Patrol / Coast Guard - Immigration Service - Transportation Security Admin.

  10. (c) Department of the Treasury - IRS (d) US Postal Service - postal inspectors (e) Department of Agriculture - National Park Police - US Fisheries - US Wildlife (2) State

  11. - independent state agencies (a) Pennsylvania State Constabulary - first modern police force – 1905 (b) Function under different names - Washington State Patrol - Oregon State Police - California Highway Patrol - Arizona Department of Public Safety - various functions / activities

  12. (c) Washington state - state patrol - liquor control - gambling commission - wildlife - park rangers - public lands - attorney general (d) Several miscellaneous agencies - parole officers - internal investigators

  13. (3) County / municipal law enforcement - county sheriff - city police (a) Sheriff - chief law enforcement officer - sheriff / coroner / tax collector - criminal function / civil function - county corrections (b) Police - city agency

  14. - patrol / traffic / investigations - city jail (corrections) (c) Mutual aid agreements - cooperation of agencies - cities / surrounding counties (4) Private police - stores / business security / banks - private patrol of neighborhoods - Pinkerton = private eye - Wells Fargo = stage coach

  15. (5) Auxiliary police - reserve police officers = sworn - volunteers in policing (VIP’s) (6) American vigilante - extralegal actions - lynch mobs / Guardian Angels - neighborhood patrols d. Police agencies in Washington state - 214 city police - 39 county sheriff departments

  16. - 6 university / college police agencies - 24 tribal police - 8 state police • Enforcing the law and keeping the peace - enforcer / protector / investigator / mediator - social worker / psychologist / attorney - peace keeper / minister a. Primary function - keep the peace - law enforcement / traffic enforcement

  17. (1) Peacekeepers - keep people moving - intervene = verbal disputes - breakup unlawful gatherings (2) Obligation / responsibility - key factor - separates citizen from police (a) Police = obligation - intervene when necessary - take action when required

  18. (b) Police = responsibility - must protect - must take action b. How do police protect? - words / actions / force / weapons (1) Use of force - minimal force / necessary force - policy manual / state – federal laws - continuum of force - levels that are used

  19. (1) Level I (a) Physical presence - just being there (b) Words / commands - verbal direction - telling people what to do (c) Touching / out muscling - moving apart - separating people

  20. (2) Level II (a) Hair / hand holds (b) Irritant spray - pepper spray (3) Level III (a) Baton - use of the nightstick - reasonable / necessary

  21. (b) Stun gun - taser - electric shock (c) Firearm - deadly force - last resort (2) Training received - firearms = handgun / shotgun / automatic rifle - defensive tactics

  22. - pepper spray b. Police organization - quasi-military function - structure similar to military - uniforms / titles / insignias (1) Bureaucracy - division of labor - chain of command (a) Rules / regulations to follow

  23. - disciplinary procedures (b) Enforcing rules - difficult - alone in vehicle - radio to contact (2) Functions of policing (a) Patrol services - response to calls - process of observation

  24. (b) Traffic enforcement services - citations for infractions - arrests for criminal traffic - accident investigation - school patrol (c) Investigative services (detectives) - investigation of crimes - specialists = specific crimes - generalists = all crimes (d) Administrative services

  25. - training program - planning unit - school resources (DARE / SRO) - internal investigations (e) Support services - communications (department) - records: reports / photos / prints - property room / evidence room - city jail (f) Specialized services

  26. - drug enforcement (task force) - crime lab (Washington = state) - Special Weapons and Tactics - bicycle patrol - undercover operations (3) Police assimilation - hiring policies - requirements - acceptance (4) Police discretion

  27. - most important - action taken = left to officer - law / policy guides (5) Training - firearms - defensive skills - civil rights / protections (6) Police subculture - cohesive group - socialize / dependent

  28. - “police personality” (7) Police cynicism - distrustful of people - motivated by evil / selfishness - on / off the job c. Operational styles - develop own style of policing (1) Enforcer - after everybody

  29. - maintains order - no breaks given - longs for the “good old days” - becomes cynical (2) Idealist - does the job required - insures due process - treats people fairly - protects their rights - starts out virtuous - becomes cynical

  30. (3) Realist - does the job / nothing more - does not take the job home - looks at it as only a job - becomes cynical (4) Optimist - looks for good in everything - people oriented - becomes less cynical d. Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity

  31. - states could not be sued without consent (1) Police protected - no lawsuits filed against government - could only sue officer (2) Overturned = US Supreme Court - necessary / reasonable force - justifiable acts - governments can now be sued

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