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Eileen Herrstrom University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign herrstro@illinois 2019

Slides for Lectures 18-26 to Accompany Interactive Lecture Tutorials for Introductory Physical Geology. Eileen Herrstrom University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign herrstro@illinois.edu 2019. About This File.

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Eileen Herrstrom University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign herrstro@illinois 2019

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  1. Slides for Lectures 18-26 to Accompany Interactive Lecture Tutorials for Introductory Physical Geology Eileen Herrstrom University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign herrstro@illinois.edu 2019

  2. About This File Most of these lecture slides are questions for the lecture tutorials. Complete lectures contain many more slides to explain concepts before questions are asked. Images and graphs are by E. Herrstrom unless otherwise indicated.

  3. Lecture Tutorial 18: Petroleum Lecture Slides by Eileen Herrstrom 2019

  4. 1. Label the rock layers. Sandstone Shale Limestone C B A B

  5. 2. Label the fluids in the sandstone. Brine Natural gas Oil B C A

  6. 3. Which letter marks the reservoir rock? ? A Natural gas Oil B Brine C D

  7. 4. Which letter marks the source rock? ? A Natural gas Oil B Brine C D

  8. 5. Which letter marks the seal rock? ? A Natural gas Oil B Brine C D

  9. 6.What kind of oil trap is illustrated? Fault trap Fold trap Pinchout trap Salt dome trap ? Natural gas Oil Brine

  10. Lecture Tutorial 19: Energy Return on Energy Invested Lecture Slides by Eileen Herrstrom 2019

  11. 1848 in Azerbaijan How Long Have We Been Using Oil? • First commercial production • Very small • 1859 in Titusville, PA • Freely-flowing well • PA: 3 million barrels in 1862

  12. “Energy Returned On Energy Invested” EROEI • I.e., how much energy needed to extract barrel of oil, ton of coal, etc.? • High EROEI => very efficient energy source • Low EROEI => inefficient • EROEI < 1 => energy “sink”

  13. 1. a. Calculate % available for coal. 65 80 93 97 ? 39/40 =97

  14. 1. b. Calculate % available for US oil fields after 1950. 65 80 93 97 ? 14/15 = 93

  15. 1. c. Calculate % available for tar sands. 65 80 93 97 ? 4/5 = 80

  16. 2. Why is EROEI less after 1950? Fewer oil companies were drilling wells. Demand dropped starting ~1950. Easy oil was extracted first. Military conflicts led to lower production. I do not know.

  17. 3 & 4. Plot EROEI vs. % Available

  18. EROEI for Various Fuels Fossil fuels Renewable sources

  19. 5. What % is available at EROEI = 10? 80 85 90 95 ? Above the curve = energy used up to get more energy Below the curve = energy available for general use

  20. The Net Energy Cliff Energy In Energy Out • Potential problem for society?

  21. Lecture Tutorial 20: Rivers Lecture Slides by Eileen Herrstrom 2019

  22. 1. How many major drainage basins in North America? 3 4 5 6 ?

  23. 2. How many major divides in North America? 3 4 5 6 ?

  24. Elevation vs. Length • In general, rivers start at higher elevation, flow toward lower elevation. mountains river ocean

  25. 3. Which terms are located correctly? Black Blue Red I do not know. Source Mouth Mouth Source Source Mouth

  26. 4. Where is discharge lowest? Near the mouth Near the source Equal everywhere I do not know. Source Low discharge High discharge Mouth

  27. 5. Where is flow smoothest? Near the mouth Near the source Smooth everywhere I do not know. Source Low discharge High discharge Turbulent flow Smooth flow Mouth

  28. 6. Where is total load the least? Near the mouth Near the source Equal everywhere I do not know. Source Low discharge High discharge Turbulent flow Smooth flow Small total load Large total load Mouth

  29. 7. Where are largest grains carried? Near the mouth Near the source Size is equal everywhere. I do not know. Source Low discharge High discharge Turbulent flow Smooth flow Small total load Large total load Mouth Moves boulders (bed load) Moves fine grains (suspension)

  30. 8. Where do flash floods occur? Near the mouth Near the source Everywhere I do not know. Source Flash floods Floodplain floods Low discharge High discharge Turbulent flow Smooth flow Small total load Large total load Mouth Moves boulders (bed load) Moves fine grains (suspension)

  31. Lecture Tutorial 21: Floods Lecture Slides by Eileen Herrstrom 2019

  32. 1. Label the axes including units. (106 cfs) Discharge Recurrence Interval (years)

  33. 2. What is unusual about the X-axis? Scale units = years Scale units = recurrence interval Exponential scale Logarithmic scale E.I do not know.

  34. 3. What is the discharge of a 5-yr flood on Big River? 320,000 cfs C. 650,000 cfs E. ? B. 530,000 cfs D. 1,300,000 cfs 650,000 5-yr flood

  35. 4. What is R.I. of a flood with D = 900,000 cfs on Big River? 30 yrs C. 96 yrs E. ? B. 110 yrs D. 200 yrs 900,000 30-yr flood

  36. 5. What is the discharge of a 50-yr flood on Fast River? 980,000 cfs C. 1,150,000 cfs E. ? B. 1,600,000 cfs D. 9,800,000 cfs 1,150,000

  37. 6. What is R.I. of a flood with D = 6 x 105 cfs on Fast River? 2 yrs C. 6 yrs E. ? B. 4 yrs D. 8 yrs 6-yr flood

  38. 7. What is R.I. of equal-discharge floods on both rivers? 10 yrs C. 50 yrs E. ? B. 20 yrs D. 100 yrs 10-yr flood

  39. Lecture Tutorial 22: Groundwater Lecture Slides by Eileen Herrstrom 2019

  40. 1. Is the Mahomet Aquifer confined or unconfined? Elevation of Top of Mahomet Aquifer Confined Unconfined I do not know. • Elevation ≈ 750 ft in Champaign County; water table depth ≈ 5-10 ft

  41. 2. Draw contour lines on map. Are they ~ parallel to gray lines? 670 Yes, all are || to gray lines. No, not all are || to gray lines. I do not know. 660 650 640 620 630 630 620

  42. 3. What is the pattern of contours near Urbana-Champaign? 670 Zone of withdrawal Cone of depression Semicircular drawdown I do not know. 660 650 640 620 630 630 620

  43. 4. Draw arrows on map to show GW flow. What direction? 670 Toward U-C Away from U-C Toward Rantoul Away from Rantoul I do not know. 660 650 640 620 630 630 620

  44. 5. How does your map compare with this one? (>1 answer) Approximate Top of Mahomet Aquifer in 1850 Change in flow direction Cone of depression Drawdown Ground subsidence Groundwater divide Permeability decrease

  45. Lecture Tutorial 23: Glaciers Lecture Slides by Eileen Herrstrom 2019

  46. 1. Which is NOT a name for a narrow, confined glacier? Alpine glacier Continental glacier Mountain glacier Valley glacier I do not know.

  47. Advance & Retreat of Ice • Depends on glacial budget = gains vs. losses • Gains = winter accumulation • Losses • Summer melting • Icebergs breaking off (calving) • Sublimation (solid vapor)

  48. 2. Glacial Budget: Fill in table during next few slides. G>L, G<L, G=L Decreases, increases, no change Advances, retreats, stationary Lower or higher elevation or no change Covers less or more area or no change

  49. Positive Budget • Gains > losses • Volume of ice increases • Glacier margins advance: • Alpine glaciers lower elevations • Continental glaciers spread over more land

  50. Neutral Budget • Gains = losses • Volume of ice is constant • Margin of glacier is stationary (moraine accumulates) • Note: ice in glacier still moving, and it melts at the margin

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