855-869

1. 855-869 Analyze political cartoons about Imperialism in the nineteenth century. Describe early attempts of European Imperialism in Asia and North Africa.

9. New Imperialism (after 1880) • The direct political annexation of territory as a result of the economic and technological progress of the 19th century. • Under “Old Imperialism” (pre 1880), European powers did not usually acquire territory (except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil) but rather built a series of trading stations • Rise of economic inequality • After 1750, industrialization opened the gap between Europe and so-called “Third World” countries. • Two schools of thought on this issue. • The West used science, technology and capitalism to create such wealth and a “World Market”….. OR • The West used superior power to steal riches from the rest of the world and weaken other nations ecomonies! Imperialism

10. Imperialism • The World Market • Britain led the world in manufacturing • after 1846. • Corn Laws were repealed • 1820 GB exported half of its production of goods. • 1913 prices were lower than they were in 1800 for goods. • Railroads, steamships, and Panama and • Suez Canals helped trade. • From the 1850s France and Germany • began to invest abroad mainly in Europe • and the Americas.

11. Early Examples of New Imperialism • China • British (and French) forced the Qing Dynasty to open trade by smuggling opium. • First Opium War (1839-1841) When China expelled British after they refused to stop smuggling opium into China, war resulted, Britain won. • Treaty of Nanking (1842) : Forced China to cede Hong Kong to Britain forever, pay large indemnity and open up 4 large cities to foreign trade with low tariffs.

12. Early Examples of New Imperialism • Japan • Since the 1640s Japan had a policy of rejecting foreigners from their country in order to preserve their culture. • Only major Asian power to resist being swallowed up by the imperialists and that became an imperial rival. • Commodore Matthew Perry of U.S. Navy forced Japan to open trade in 1853 by steaming into Edo (Tokyo) Bay.

13. Early Examples of New Imperialism • Turkish general Muhammad Ali had established Egypt into a strong and virtually independent state and had begun to modernize Egypt by 1849. • HOWEVER, this modernization of agriculture made peasants into poor tenant farmers! • Ali’s grandson the khedive Ismail continued modernization by accepting large loans from Europe: • Suez Canal constructed 1869 • Cairo got modern boulevards • Large-scale cotton exporting • Inability of Egypt to repay loans led to Britain “temporarily” occupying Egypt from 1882-1956. • Egypt

14. The Great Migration • This was also a period when millions of people migrated from their homelands to other areas, peaking in the decade just before The Great War: • About one third of all European emigrants came from Britain. • German emigration peaked after the British (1880s) and Italian after 1914. • Most migrants were young, unmarried peasant farmers or village craftsmen. • Only about 3 million Asians migrated before 1920s partially due to racial objections in some countries such as the United States, Spain, Australia…