23 January 2017 Vienna, Austria

1. Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material SSR-6Module 2.2School for Drafting Regulations on Radiation SafetyModule 2: Main Requirements on Emergency and Medical Exposure, Transport and Waste Safety 23 January 2017Vienna, Austria Christopher S. Bajwa Transport Safety Unit Regulatory Infrastructure and Transport Safety Section Division of Radiation, Transport and Waste SafetyDepartment of Nuclear Safety and Security International Atomic Energy Agency

2. GSR Part 1 v SSR 6 How does SSR 6 fit with GSR Part 1?

3. Contents • Objective and scope • Properties of radioactive material • Types of radioactive material • Safety systems and regulations • Implementing in Regulation • General use summary

4. Objective and scope

5. Exclusions • Radioactive material that is an integral part of the means of transport. • Radioactive material moved within an establishment that is subject to appropriate safety regulations in force in the establishment and where the movement does not involve public roads or railways. • Radioactive material implanted or incorporated into a person or live animal for diagnosis or treatment. • Radioactive material in or on a person who is to be transported for medical treatment because the person has been subject to accidental or deliberate intake of radioactive material or to contamination.

6. Exclusions • Radioactive material in consumer products that have received regulatory approval, following their sale to the end user. • Natural material and ores containing naturally occurring radionuclides, which may have been processed, provided the activity concentration of the material does not exceed 10 times the values specified in Table 2, or ... • Non-radioactive solid objects with radioactive substances present on any surface in quantities not in excess of the levels defined in Para. 214

7. Objective The objective of these Regulations is to establish requirements that must be satisfied to ensure safety and to protect persons, property and the environment from the effects of radiation in the transport of radioactive material.

8. Objective • This protection is achieved by requiring: • Containment of the radioactive contents; • Control of external radiation levels; • Prevention of criticality; • Prevention of damage caused by heat.

9. Scope • These Regulations apply to the transport of radioactive material by all modes on land, water, or in the air. • Transport comprises all operations and conditions associated with, and involved in, the movement of radioactive material; these include the design, manufacture, maintenance and repair of packaging, and the preparation, consigning, loading, carriage including in-transit storage, unloading and receipt at the final destination of loads of radioactive material and packages.

10. Scope A graded approach is applied in specifying the performance standards in these Regulations, which are characterized in terms of three general severity levels: • Routine conditions of transport (incident free); • Normal conditions of transport (minor mishaps); • Accident conditions of transport.

11. Scope The requirements are satisfied: • by applying a graded approach to contents limits for packages and conveyances and to performance standards applied to package designs, depending upon the hazard of the radioactive contents. • by imposing conditions on the design and operation of packages and on the maintenance of packagings, including consideration of the nature of the radioactive contents. • by requiring administrative controls, including, where appropriate, approval by competent authorities.

12. Properties of radioactive material

13. A1 and A2 Hazard index • For direct radiation in transport – A1 • For radiotoxicity in transport – A2 • Maximum exposure in any accident for workers and public around 50mSv • Most exposed person expected to have very small increase in risk of death over their lifetime, and • effectively no chance of acute death , even in the most severe accidents (from the radioactive material).

14. Fissile material • Only applies to nuclear material • Once a “critical” amount of material is in one place a lethal amount of radiation is released • Exceptions for certain amounts and types of material – otherwise strict approval

15. Types of radioactive material

16. Transport categories of radioactive material • Low Specific Activity (LSA) • Surface Contaminated Object (SCO) • Special Form (SF) – sometimes SFRM • (consider also LDRM) • Uranium Hexafluoride • Fissile Material • Radioactive Material

17. LSA and SCO • LSA • Radioactive Material dispersed in non-radioactive material • Low concentration limits hazard • Three categories • SCO • Radioactive Material in low concentrations on the surface of a non-radioactive object • Low surface concentration limits hazard • Two categories

18. Special Form Radioactive Material • Material in a solid form that is difficult to disperse • Tested and certified against accident conditions (impact and fire) • Usually contained in non-radioactive metal sheath • NOTE – LDRM

19. Uranium Hexafluoride • Has other hazardous properties • UN Class 6, with 8 and 7 subsidiary • Can produce HF when exposed to water

20. Fissile material • Has potential for critical mass to be formed – requires control of accumulation • Certain types safe because of low concentration or other reasons (often described as “fissile excepted”)

21. Radioactive Material • Generally regulated based on quantity • Some exceptions related to very low quantities (empty packages, instruments or articles etc.) • Special form and fissile material can be a sub-category

22. Safety systems and regulations

23. UN number • Classification process depends on: • Uranium Hexafluoride? • Fissile? • Excepted Package? • LSA or SCO? • Type A Quantity? • Package certificate?

24. Safety system based on hazard • Graded approach, as hazard increases • Higher package standard • More controls during transport • More regulatory control before shipment • Graded approach aims to limit exposure to 50mSv in the event of an accident by: • Material specification • Packaging standards • Conveyance limitations • Administrative controls • Continuous review to ensure this is achieved

25. Package standard • Packages graded to limit possible exposure of workers and public • Unpackaged • Excepted Package • Industrial Package • Type A Package (designed to withstand normal rough handling) • Type B Package (designed to survive severe accident) • Type C Package (designed to survive severe air accident)

26. Package standard • Maximum exposure in any accident for workers and public around 50mSv • Most exposed person expected to have much less than a 1% increase in risk of death over their lifetime, and effectively no chance of acute death (within 60 days), even in the most severe accidents (from the radioactive material).

27. Controls during transport • Pre-shipment checks (graded approach) • Normal controls (excepted package has some different controls), examples • Contamination, labels, marks, placards, Transport Index, documentation, segregation etc. • Category I, II or III labels relates to the direct radiation hazard close to the package • Transport Index relates to the direct radiation hazard at a distance from the package • Special control – exclusive use – all aspects of shipment controlled from start to finish by a single consignor or consignee

28. Regulatory oversight • Certain materials require pre approval • Certain packages require pre approval • Some approvals only needed in country of origin, others in all states of transit • Some shipments require notification of all transit states

29. Schedules (SSG-33) Provides a breakdown of conditions by UN number

30. Schedules Example – Type A SCHEDULE FOR UN 2915 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, TYPE A PACKAGE, non-special form, non-fissile or fissile-excepted

31. Implementing in Regulation

32. Implementing in Regulation General Requirements

33. Implementing in Regulation Choosing the UN number

34. Implementing in Regulation Controls during transport

35. Implementing in Regulation Controls during transport

36. Implementing in Regulation Controls during transport

37. Implementing in Regulation Material and package requirements

38. Implementing in Regulation Specification of tests/demonstrations

39. Implementing in Regulation Approval by the CA

40. General use summary

41. Normal transport of radioactive material • Excepted packages make up most shipments – these are intended to be treated like general cargo packages • Type A packages carry the majority of the rest of the shipments – often medical shipments • It is unusual for normal transport operators to come across fissile material, uranium hexafluoride, special form, LSA or SCO • Industrial packages carry LSA and SCO – these tend to be large volume, heavy weight shipments • Fissile material normally has special security requirements and so normally has special carriers

42. Questions? Thank you 50