Euthanasia 安樂死

1. Euthanasia安樂死 Module 20 模組20

2. This module will enable you to本模組將使您能夠 • Identify some aspects of the potential for welfare problems when an animal is euthanased在動物死亡時認定某些有關福利問題觀點 • To identify which social, cultural, economic and legal influences affect the quality of an animal’s death在社會,文化,經濟,與合法性等對影響動物死亡品質認定 • To include the client’s perspective in the process of euthanasia包括飼主對安樂死過程之看法

3. Slaughter vs. euthanasia屠宰 vs.安樂死 • Slaughter 屠宰 • The killing of animals for market or to control disease市場需求或為了控制疫情而宰殺動物 • Should be humane應善盡人道 • Euthanasia安樂死 • Greek: eu–good, thanatos–death希臘蚊 [好] 與 [死亡] 的結合 • Humane by definition定義為人道 • An act of mercy慈悲的作法 • When animal has an incurable illness當動物罹患不治之症 • When rescue or treatment is impossible當救援或治療無效 • Not all “mercy killing” is euthanasia並非所有的“慈悲殺害”都是安樂死

4. What makes a ‘good death’?安樂死的各種觀念 • Some people argue that suffering is a feature of life, and that prevention of suffering by shortening life is unnatural受苦是生命的一部分,避免受苦是違反自然(unnatural) • Others have concluded that it is possible for suffering to reach a point at which humane killing can be justified, to end the suffering有人則認為以安樂死結束受苦是合理的 • It is this ‘justified end to suffering’ by ‘humane killing’ which is the basis of a ‘good death’以人道宰殺的方式解除受苦是合理的 (justify與humane都是很主觀的)

5. Common criteria for euthanasia of individual animals個體動物安樂死之一般標準 • Severely injured animals嚴重的受傷 • Animals with terminal conditions in which suffering is likely or cannot be prevented瀕臨生命尾聲且可能受苦 • Aggressive animals攻擊性強的動物 • Aged animals where there are no resources for their needs老年動物且缺乏其需求之資源

6. Common criteria for euthanasia of ‘groups’ of animals群體動物安樂死之一般標準 • Strays - when there are insufficient resources to provide a reasonable quality of life流浪動物---當資源不足以供應合理之生活品質時 • Planned population control計畫性宰殺部分族群 • For the ‘greater good’ of the remaining population為了使整體族群更好 • Not an effective control strategy並非有效率 • Legal responsibility, with some diseases e.g. foot and mouth disease因疾病控制的法律責任 • Laboratory animals實驗動物

7. Who decides?由誰決定? The owner may decide 飼主可以決定

8. Who decides?由誰決定? The animal may be suffering 動物可能十分痛苦

9. Who decides?由誰決定? Slaughter required by law 法律可規範屠宰

10. Who decides? 由誰決定? • Local authorities may decide that stray animal numbers must be reduced 當地政府認定流浪動物的數量一定得減少

11. Philosophies on animal death動物死亡之各種看法 • Buddhism佛教 • One of the five precepts of the Dhammapada法句經五戒之一 • ‘He who destroys life – digs up the very roots of his life.’ 「殺害生命者是自掘己身生命的根。」 • Hindu verse印度詩 He who kills a cow will ‘rot in hell for as many years as there are hairs on the cow.’殺牛「在地獄的墮落年限與牛毛一樣多。」

12. Philosophies on animal death動物死亡之各種看法 • Islam回教 -‘There is not an animal on earth, nor a flying creature on two wings, but they are people like unto you.’ 「那在地上的，或用二個翅膀飛的受造物不是動物，而是與你一樣的人。」 • Christianity -- St Francis of Assisi聖方濟 – ‘Not to hurt our humble brethren is our first duty to them, but to stop there is not enough. We have a higher mission – to be of service to them whenever they require it.’ .’聖方濟：「不傷害我們的兄弟是我們的首要任務，僅僅停止傷害是不夠的。我們有更高的任務，就是在任何時間，當有需要時服務牠們。」

13. Ethical questions in euthanasia安樂死的倫理問題 • Are animals disposable?動物是可丟棄的物? • Do we have a responsibility to provide animals with quantity of life, as well as a reasonable quality of life?我們是否有責任給動物合理的壽命與生命品質? • Does the age at euthanasia matter if there is no suffering?做安樂死時動物的壽命是否重要? • Humans can give animals a ‘good death’人類可提供”好的死亡”給動物 • Is a ‘good death’ optional or an animal need? “好的死亡”是選項還是動物的需要?

14. Examples of cultural approaches to killing文化影響宰殺一例 • Until the introduction of the 1998 Animal Protection Bill in Taiwan, stray animals were killed by ‘bulk drowning’直到1998年動保法實施前, 台灣都是整批淹死流浪狗 • A number of countries use ‘dog shooting days’ as a means of eliminating unwanted or stray animals許多國家是運用‘射狗日’ 做為消滅不要的, 或是流浪動物的方法

15. An ideal method of euthanasia理想安樂死的一般標準 • The animal can be restrained with little distress動物可以用最緩和的方式保定 • The method of euthanasia安樂死的手段 • Is ‘aesthetically’ acceptable to operator and client用飼主與操作者均可接受的方法 • Can be administered competently by the staff available工作人員應有能力處理而不需假手外人 • Presents a low risk to the operator讓操作者之風險最低 • Produces a dead body which can be disposed of safely所產生之屍體可以安全的處理 • Is cost-effective合乎成本

16. Intravenous barbiturate overdose靜脈注射過量的巴比土酸鹽注射 • Legal aspects:合法性 • Barbiturates are controlled substances in the countries where they are used, but in many countries their use is illegal巴比土酸鹽在使用國家均屬管制藥品，有些國家則不合法。 • The bodies of euthanased animals must be disposed of safely as they contain barbiturates安樂死後之屍體處理要注意安全因含有巴比土酸鹽

17. Captive bolt stunning followed by pithing or exsanguination用頭鎗射暈後破髓或放血 • In some countries, routine use of captive bolt equipment is restricted to licensed slaughter personnel, but mercy killing may be carried out by any person • 有些國家頭鎗僅限有證照屠宰人員使用，但安樂死時任何人均可使用。

18. Non-penetrating percussive stunning followed by exsanguination非侵入性撞暈後放血 • In some countries, routine use of captive bolt equipment is restricted to licensed slaughter personnel, but mercy killing may be carried out by any person. Exsanguination is of limited use in humane killing of animals in outbreaks of some infectious diseases. • 有些國家頭鎗僅限有證照屠宰人員使用，但安樂死時任何人均可使用

19. Electrical stunning followed by exsanguination or electrocution電暈後放血 • Use of electrical stunning for routine killing is restricted to licensed slaughtermen in many countries, and use of trained personnel for this equipment in humane killing of pigs or sheep in a disease outbreak would be required. Use of this method is limited by the electric current supply.使用電擊技術做例行性宰殺在許多國家均限有照屠宰人員；流行病爆發時亦由受過訓練者對豬或羊實施。

20. Percussive killing of small mammals, birds and fish小型哺乳類、鳥、魚之侵入性宰殺 • The use of percussive killing of laboratory animals is regulated e.g. the UK Animal Scientific Procedures Act, 1986 • 實驗動物之侵入性宰殺有特別規。例如: 英國之動物科學程序法1986

21. Free bullet: pistol shooting子彈射殺 • Horses and donkeys馬與驢 • When barbiturate overdose is not possible, the use of a free bullet pistol provides an aesthetically acceptable and humane method of killing無法注射過量之巴比土酸鹽，直接用子彈射殺提供了一項可接受與人道的宰殺法。

22. Free bullet: rifle shooting來福槍射擊 • In many countries, ownership and use of firearms is regulated在許多國家，擁有及使用槍枝均有規範 • Repetitive rifle with a silencer is the best option if several animals must be killed • 連發且裝有消音器的來福槍是使動物死亡的最佳選擇

23. Use of a shotgun for emergency euthanasia緊急狀況下使用槍擊來安樂死 • In many countries, ownership and use of firearms is regulated • 在許多國家，擁有及使用槍枝均有規範

24. Euthanasia of stranded cetaceans擱淺鯨類的安樂死 • Best method for euthanasia is not always apparent安樂死的最佳方式並不顯著 • Small cetaceans小型擱淺鯨類 • Overdose of etorphine or barbiturates 大量注射艾托啡因 或巴比土酸鹽 • Shoot in the head with a rifle 用槍射擊頭部

25. Euthanasia of stranded cetaceans擱淺鯨類的安樂死 • Larger cetaceans大型擱淺鯨類 • No reliable method of euthanasia is available尚無可信賴之安樂死方法 • Stranded whales do not usually survive even if they are put back in the water—compromised circulation擱淺的鯨就算放回大海仍無法存活

26. Neck dislocation of birds鳥類的折頸 • Neck dislocation or neck pulling is widely used in killing of birds but is not ideal 折頸或拔頸常用在宰殺鳥類, 但不被認為理想。

27. Freezing冰凍 Drowning淹死 Starvation餓死 Suffocation窒息/悶死 Immersion in ethanol泡酒精 Use of non-specialist microwave equipment非專業微波設備 Intra-peritoneal barbiturate injection (in general)腹腔內注射巴比土酸鹽 Gassing (poison gas, or anoxia- inducing gas e.g. CO)缺氧或毒氣 Decapitation (in general)砍頭(一般性) Unacceptable methods of euthanasia不被接受的安樂死方式

28. Acceptable methods of euthanasia可接受的安樂死方式 • For individual animals that can be adequately restrained –intravenous barbiturate is recommended (particularly for stray dogs and cats)動物個體若能適當保定建議靜脈注射巴比土酸鹽(特別是流浪狗或貓) • For horses and donkeys馬和驢 • Barbiturate overdose高劑量注射巴比土酸鹽 • Free bullet pistol shooting射殺

29. Acceptable methods of euthanasia可接受的安樂死方式 • Large animals on farm農場大動物 • Use of a race or crush for restraint用頭鎗後放血 • Captive bolt stunning followed by bleeding or pithing破髓 • Large animals which are ‘free’大動物若能正確被射擊 • Accurate head, heart or high neck shooting頭,心,頸部高處,建議射殺 • Large groups in disease outbreaks (poultry, pigs)大群動物爆發疾病(雞豬等) • Stunning followed by exsanguination電暈(或擊昏)後放血

30. Euthanasia and client communication動物安樂死時與飼主溝通 • Deciding to end an animal’s life can be a very difficult decision for a client決定結束動物的生命對飼主來說可能是一件困難的事 • Give the owner time to make the decision給飼主時間去做決定 • Empathise動之以情 • Discuss the factors leading to the decision to euthanase清楚說明安樂死的理由 • Explain exactly what is involved, including the disposal of the body清楚說明所涉及的事項，包含遺體的處置 • Don’t judge別擅作主張

31. Euthanasia and client communication動物安樂死時與飼主溝通 • Schedule the procedure so that there is time過程應排定 • to talk and explain將有時間說明 • to carry out the process without rushing可使執行時不慌亂 • Client guilt and grief飼主會有罪惡感 • Normal正常 • The client should feel that their animal’s life (and death) was important, and that the euthanasia was not just routine要讓飼主了解到動物的生命(死)很重要, 且安樂死不是例行的做法

32. Summary總結 • In deciding on euthanasia, different criteria may be applied depending on在決定安樂死時,需按不同標準來應用 • the use of the animal動物的使用情況 • whether the animal is treated as an individual or part of a group個體還是群體 • Certain methods of euthanasia are inhumane and should never be used避免不人道的安樂死方法 • Effective client communication is important before euthanasia在安樂死前與飼主做有效的溝通很重要

33. Further Reading延伸閱讀 • American Veterinary Medical Association 2000 Report of the AVMA Panel on Euthanasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 218: 669-696. Available online at: www.avma.org/issues/animal_welfare/euthanasia.pdf • Humane Slaughter Association. Website: http://www.hsa.org.uk/ • WHO/WSPA, 1990: Guidelines for Dog Population Management. • RSPCA, 2000: Stranded Cetaceans – Guidelines for Veterinary Surgeons. • CLOSE, B. et al, 1997: Recommendations for euthanasia of experimental animals, Laboratory Animals 31, 1-32 • GLATSON, A.R., 1998: The control of zoo populations with special reference to primates. Animal Welfare 7, 269-281 • LAMBOOY, E. et al, 1985: Euthanasia of mink with carbon monoxide Veterinary Record 116, 416 • SINGER, P., 1989: All animals are equal. Animal Rights and Human Obligations. Prentice Hall.