纽约市立大学 陈美瑛教授 劳动 关系发展 – 中美教育交流项目 Prepared by May Ying Chen, CUNY

1. Engaging Workers in Labor Negotiations: U.S. Experiences“The Workers are the Union…The Union is the Workers”动员工人参与劳资谈判 – 美国的经验“工人即工会，工会即工人” 纽约市立大学 陈美瑛教授 劳动关系发展 – 中美教育交流项目 Prepared by May Ying Chen, CUNY Advancing the Field of Labor Relations: U.S.-China Exchange December, 2013

2. 2004 NY Garment Industry Negotiations2004年纽约成衣工业谈判

3. The Workers are the Union…The Union is the Workers“工人即工会，工会即工人” • Historically, U.S. WORKERS organized unions for protection, benefits and a voice at work.历史上，美国工人组织了工会来保护工人利益，并发出自己的声音 • Unions provide a collective voice for workers at work and an institution to fight for labor rights and respect in society.工会代表工人发出集体的声音，并为工人争取权利、赢得尊重 • Unions represent workers to negotiate contracts and provide benefits.工会代表工人进行合同谈判，并提供福利 • U.S. Unions are bound by law to a “duty of fair representation” for workers.美国工会受法律制约，必须平等地代表工人的利益

4. Why do workers need to engage in labor negotiations?为什么工人需要参与到劳资谈判中？ • 工人了解工作环境的情势并了解雇主 • 谈判后达成的合同会对工人有非常直接的影响，工人必须在合约制定过程中发出自己的声音 • 工人之间实现沟通 • 在雇主面前团结一致 • 参与到谈判过程、谈判结论和结果核准 • 合同的实施和执行 • Workers understand work place conditions and the employer. • The negotiations and the contract impact workers very directly, and workers must have a voice in contract content. • Communication among workers • Unity and power towards the employer • Negotiation process, conclusion and ratification • Contract implementation and enforcement

5. How are workers engaged in negotiations?工人如何参与到谈判中？ • 参与合同准备会议，撰写通讯 • 选举或任命员工委员会 • 开展工人中的民调 • 出席谈判会议 • 跟进谈判进程 • 工会内部讨论 • 最终协议与核准 • 合同的发布、实施与执行 • Contract preparation meetings and newsletters • Election or appointment of Worker Committees • Surveys of workers • Negotiation meetings • Negotiation news updates • Union caucus deliberations • Final agreement, ratification • Contract dissemination, implementation, and enforcement

6. Evolution of one U.S. company, its workers and negotiations一个美国公司的演变史员工与谈判 • Negotiations change based on company and worker changes.谈判的变化基于公司与工人的变化 • In 1976, Liz Claiborne was a new young designer who started a clothing business with several partners.1976年，年轻的设计师丽诗卡邦与几位合伙人共同创办了一家时装公司 • The union organized the sewing workers, and the company participated in negotiations through a garment industry employers’ association. 工会将裁衣工人组织了起来，公司通过成衣工业行会与该工会进行谈判 • Contracts are negotiated every three years.合同谈判每三年进行一次

7. Historic Structure of the Garment IndustryContracts成衣工业合同的组织沿革 • 雇主企业通过分属于成衣行业的各公司来与工会进行谈判 • 所谓制造商，是指位于制造链顶端的品牌公司与设计师 • 承包商，是指进行批量生产的厂商 • 分包商有时在大订单来时填补生产空缺 • 工会合同规范制造商们使其为所有工人的福利和工作环境负责，其中包括承包商雇佣的工人。（行业合同） • Multiple employers belong to associations who negotiate with the union. • Manufacturers are the brand names and designers at the top of the production process. • Contractors are the factories for mass production of garments. • Subcontractors sometimes fill in production for large orders. • Union contracts held MANUFACTURERS responsible for benefits and conditions of all workers, including those working for contractors.

8. Worker Participation in Association Negotiations工人参与行会谈判 • 每家公司都有工人代表，接受有关工业行会合同的训练 • 在谈判开始前，工人代表们会面商讨行会对工会开出的合同 • 工会执委会的工人领袖参与工会谈判 • 工人们将谈判进展带回给工友 • 最终协议达成后开始实施 • Each company has a union shop steward who receives training about the Association Contract. • Before the negotiations begin, stewards meet to review contract demands for the union. • Worker leaders from the union’s Executive Board sit at the negotiating table with union negotiators. • Workers bring news back to co-workers on negotiations progress. • Final agreements are brought back for implementation.

9. Company changes – negotiations change公司变化，谈判也会随之改变 • 该工会最初的成员都是成衣工业的工人 – 负责裁剪和缝制服装 • 1990年代，成衣工业的许多生产流程都被外包，公司转而聘请了数千名仓库和运输工人。他们都加入了工会。 • 该公司随后退出了成衣工业行会，并请求与工会达成全公司范围内的协议 （企业合同） • The original union members were all garment production workers – cutting and sewing clothing. • By the 1990’s, much of the garment production work was outsourced, and the company hired thousands of warehouse and shipping workers who joined the union. • The company resigned from the garment employers’ association and requested to negotiate a company-wide agreement with the union.

10. U.S. and Canada Negotiations美国和加拿大的谈判 • 至1990年代后期，仓储工人在该公司工会中已经占比90-95% • 合同委员会包括了来自该公司分布于美国和加拿大各地的仓储和缝衣工厂的超过100名代表 • 与工人的面谈时间超过了与雇主的谈判时间 • 不同工种、不同地区的工人，需求不同 • By the late 1990’s warehouse workers were 90-95% of the union members in this company. • The contract committee included workers from every warehouse and sewing factory in the U.S. and Canada—100+ representatives. • Meetings with the workers took more time than negotiations meetings with the employer. • Workers had different needs based on location and occupation.

11. Common concerns and issues for negotiations（工人）谈判中的共同问题 • 薪资与福利 • 工作保障 • 兼职工人 • 外包 • 合同与合同分包 • 全球专业准则 • Wages and benefits • Job security • Part-time workers • Outsourcing • Contracting and sub-contracting • Global code of conduct

12. Worker Participation in Negotiating Company’s National Agreement工人参与谈判公司全国性协议 • 来自公司不同地区的代表组成庞大的代表团 • 目标是谈判全国性合同，同时在各地区有专属补充条款 • 在每个人都同意前，不能有人先同意 • Large committee from different company locations • Goal to negotiate one national contract with multiple local supplements • No one settles until everyone settles…

13. Success and then Severances for Workers取得的成功以及员工的离职补偿 • 工会工人取得了超过25年的稳定工作合同 • 至2007年，公司开始亏损并开始裁减员工 • 遣散费成为了谈判的要务 • 主要的仓储和运输功能都被外包 • Union workers enjoyed more than 25 years of good jobs and good contracts. • By 2007, the Company was losing money and laying off workers. • Severance packages became the major negotiation issue. • Major warehouse and shipping functions were subcontracted.

14. The last workers were sewing workers in the sampleroom.最后遣散的员工是来自样品车间的缝衣工 • 公司由裁衣起家，亦由裁衣结束 • 2011年公司整体出售，不再有工会成员 • The company started and ended with the sewing workers. • It was sold in 2011, and there are no more union members.

15. Conclusion总结 • 工人应该积极参与工会的合同谈判 • 公司与工人的状况会随着时间发生变化，谈判则应顺应情势的改变 • Workers should actively participate with the union in contract negotiations. • Companies and workers change over time, and negotiations need to respond to changing conditions.