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Climate Change & Human Impact Through Fossil Insects

Climate Change & Human Impact Through Fossil Insects. Phil Buckland. ”Say, George... sea defence wall taller today?”. ”Say, Thag... wall of ice closer today?”. Contents. PhD Aims Why Insects (mainly beetles) Bugs - Coleopteran Ecology Package Insects & Climate

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Climate Change & Human Impact Through Fossil Insects

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  1. Climate Change & Human ImpactThrough Fossil Insects Phil Buckland ”Say, George... sea defence wall taller today?” ”Say, Thag... wall of ice closer today?”

  2. Contents • PhD Aims • Why Insects (mainly beetles) • Bugs - Coleopteran Ecology Package • Insects & Climate • Insects & Human Impact/Environmental Change • Sites

  3. Aims • Compare Early Holocene climate and environmental signals from fossil insects for:- remote/undisturbed sites.- sites with known human activity. • Create an Early Holocene climate change curve for Northern Sweden from fossil insects. • Enhance the capabilities of the Bugs Coleopteran Ecology Package - with respect to climate, environmental & archaeological interpretations. • NOTE: These are intrinsically related.

  4. Why insects? • Diversity - ~99% of all species of animal, found in all terrestrial and freshwater-brackish environments. 75% are beetles (skalbaggar) • Habitat specific, depend on a range of environmental factors e.g. temperature, humidity, food source... • Environmental dependency can be determined from collection of modern specimens Fig. • Species constancy – migrate rather than evolve (Exceptions in isolated islands/mountains) • Respond rapidly – annual reproductive cycles Fig. • Species not dependent on higher vegetation/other species • Species transported with host Fig. • Preserve well in waterlogged (or dry) sediments Fig. • Often identifiable to species on fossil parts Fig.

  5. BUGS Database of Coleopteran Ecology & Distribution • 5400+ taxa includes: - 19300+ habitat entries - 16500+ distribution entries - approx. 23000+ fossil record entries • 2200+ references • 420+ sites with abundance/collection data • (mainly archaeological & geological)

  6. BUGS - Fossil Record Diacheila arctica Sortable on any field. All fields hotlinked…

  7. Late Glacial UK distribution BUGS - Fossil Record Diacheila arctica Modern

  8. BUGS - Query features Complex questions, such as: • list all species found at English Late Glacial sites • list all sites where selected species are found • list species with similar ecology that are equally threatened • summarise ecology codes for a site (basic diversity stat’s) • statistically compare sites and species lists • show sites with similar faunas

  9. Climate Change Early Holocene Climate Change 8200 Cold Event... Younger Dryas stadial Bølling/Allerød Interstadial Last Ice Age GISP2 Dataset

  10. Rapid Climate Change Events A widespread, ~200 year abrupt cold event 8200 years ago (Oxygen Isotopes)

  11. Insect responses to change (2) Younger Dryas? Present distribution Example: Diachila arctica

  12. Insects and Climate Change Thermal envelope for species + TMAX = mean temperature of warmest month Beetle finds Weather station data TRANGE = difference between TMAX and mean of coldest month Mutual Climatic Range (MCR) Overlays modern temperature data on fossil assemblages 1. Collect modern temperature dependency data for species...

  13. Mutual Climatic Range (MCR) Overlays modern temperature data on fossil assemblages 2. Calculate temperature overlaps for species in each sample...

  14. Mutual Climatic Range (MCR) 3. Construct time series (if sequential sampling) and C14 calibrate... MCR data UK

  15. Mutual Climatic Range (MCR) 3. Construct time series (if sequential sampling) and C14 calibrate... GISP2 MCR data UK 4. Compare with other datasets

  16. Integrating MCR & BUGS 1. Convert existing MCR data to a more useable form. 2. Create user interface for MCR analyses. 3. Program new system for MCR envelope calculation fromhistorical weather station data and historical beetle finds. a) Nearest geographical neighbour b) Lapse rate interpolation

  17. Extracting the signals... Components Resolved through semiquantitative or statistics... Total signal eg. PCA axis 1 etc... Compare background signals (climate?) with disturbed signals

  18. Extracting the signals... Components Resolved through semiquantitative or statistics... Compare background signals (climate?) with disturbed signals Total signal eg. PCA axis 1

  19. Post Settlement Landscape Change in Iceland Soil Properties Disturbed signals Background signals C14 Insects Pollen Geology Tephra PlantMacro. Woodland Bare ground Farm Deserted farm

  20. Sites - Njulla, Abisko background signals ~9500BP →

  21. Sites - Njulla, Abisko

  22. Sites - Hemavan background signals ~8500BP →

  23. Sites - Hemavan background signals

  24. Sites - David’s Bog (Fagerviksjön) ...others under consideration... disturbed signals ~6000BP → & ~9000BP →

  25. Bugs in the web... phil.buckland@arke.umu.se www.bugs2000.org www.umu.se/envarchlab www.umu.se/archaeology

  26. Figures

  27. Modern distributional data Diachila arctica

  28. Insect responses to change (1)

  29. Rhyzopertha dominicaKapucinerbagge Sheep lice - Damalinia ovis Grain mites Sitophilus granariusKornvivel Oryzaephilus surinamensisSågtandad plattbagge Transported with hosts...

  30. Heleomyza borealis - puparia Greenland ~1350AD Dung beetles (Aphodius sp.) Armana, Egypt ~1350BC Alphitobiusdiaperinus lesser mealworm beetle Preserve well...

  31. Fossils identifiable to species Notiophilus bigutatus

  32. Responding to Climate Change Younger Dryas? Present distribution Example: Diachila arctica

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