Literacy and Education

1. Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveysData Interpretation, Further Analysis and Dissemination Workshop Literacy and Education

2. Overview of presentation • Literacy (2 tables) • School readiness (3 tables) • Primary and secondary school attendance (4 tables) • Gender parity (2 tables)

3. Indicators and definitions Other Non-MICS Indicators that can be produced with MICS data: • Gross Attendance Ratio (Pre-primary, Primary, Secondary) • Pre-primary Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted) • Lower Secondary Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted) • Upper Secondary Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted) • Cumulative Primary Dropout and Repetition Rates • Youth Primary Completion Rate (17-22) • Youth Secondary Completion Rate (23-27)

4. Out of School Rate Out of School Rate Reaching last grade of primary

5. Things to remember Age Adjustments (Age at beginning of school year ) The age of child at the beginning of the school year is estimated by rejuvenating children to the first month of the (current or most recent) school year by using information on the date of birth, if available, and information on when the current (or most recent) school year began. If the date of birth is not available, then a full year is subtracted from the current age of the child at the time of survey, if the interview took place more than 6 months after the school year started. If the latter is less than six months and the date of birth is not available, the current age is assumed to be the same as the age at the beginning of the school year.

6. Age Adjustments (Age at beginning of school year) • Use : • Date of birth, and • Information on when the current (or most recent) school year began Date of birth available Rejuvenate children to the first month of the (current or most recent) Subtracted a full year from the current age of the child at the time of survey ted Interview took place >= 6 months after the school year started Date of birth NOT available Interview took place < 6 months after the school year started Current age is assumed to be the same as the age at the beginning of the school year

7. ED.1M - Men Interpretation should be done cautiously Present a gender component Measures the ability to read a few sentences Used as a proxy for adult literacy

8. Country example

9. Overview of presentation • Literacy (2 tables) • School readiness (3 tables) • Primary and secondary school attendance (4 tables) • Gender parity (2 tables)

10. Numerator: children who are in first grade of primary school this year and were in preschool last year. Denominator: number of children attending first grade of primary education regardless of age.

11. Primary school entry age is defined at the country level (usually based on UNESCO's ISCED classification). Numerator : children in the denominator who are attending grade 1 or 2 of primary school. Grade 2 of primary school is accepted to take into account early starters. Denominator: number of children who were of primary school entry age at the beginning of the current (or the most recent) school year.

12. Overview of presentation • Literacy (2 tables) • School readiness (3 tables) • Primary and secondary school attendance (4 tables) • Gender parity (2 tables)

13. Denominator: All children of primary school age (at the beginning of the school year) Numerator: Children of primary school age at the beginning of the school year currently attending primary or secondary school

14. Attendance to secondary school is included to take into account early starters. Ratios are termed "adjusted" since they include not only primary school attendance, but also secondary school attendance in the numerator.

15. This should be adapted in accordance with the country-specific primary school ages as indicated by ISCED

16. NEW! Out of school Not attending school of preschool: Those not attending school or preschool in the current school year. Attending preschool: Those who in the current school year have been attending preschool school Out of school: Those who are not attending primary or secondary school

18. Bangladesh MICS 2009

19. Numerator: Children of secondary school age (as of the beginning of the current or most recent school year) who are attending secondary school or higher Denominator: All children of secondary school age at the beginning of the school year

20. Analysis for secondary school age children: Use the three indicators – • Percentage of children of secondary school age who are attending primary school • Adjusted secondary school net attendance ratio • Percentage of children of secondary school age out of school.

21. Mother's/caretaker's education are collected for all children 0-14 at the time of interview. "Cannot be determined" includes children who were age 15 or higher at the time of the interview whose mothers were not living in the household - information on their primary caretakers is not collected - therefore the educational status of the mother or the caretaker cannot be determined.

22. Children reaching the last grade of primary, also known as the survival rate to the last grade of primary school, is defined as the percentage of children attending the first grade of primary school who would be expected to reach the last grade of primary school, if current rates of transition from one grade of primary school to the next were applicable.

23. Example: to calculate the probability that a child in grade 1 eventually reaches grade 2 The number of children who are in 2nd grade of primary school at the time of the survey and who were in 1st grade last year is divided by: The number of children who were in 1st grade last year and graduated to 2nd grade or dropped out of school

24. Children reaching last grade of primary school

25. Careful customization of country specific grades

26. Methodological issues RLG is an indicator with some degree of difficulty for both estimation and interpretation Note that in the current approach we exclude from our estimation children found to be repeating a grade under the assumption that their probability of dropping from school, repeating again, or promotion to the next grade is included in the other cohorts It measures the probability for children starting grade 1 to reach last grade of primary and it is based on children that are participating in school It is used as a proxy for literacy among children

27. Primary completion rate = 100 * (number of children attending the last grade of primary school - repeaters) / (number of children of primary school completion age at the beginning of the school year). It can be greater than 100! Transition rate to secondary education = 100 * (number of children in the first grade of secondary school who were in the last grade of primary school the previous year) / (number of children in the last grade of primary school the previous year).

28. Country example

29. Overview of presentation • Literacy (2 tables) • School readiness (3 tables) • Primary and secondary school attendance (4 tables) • Gender parity (2 tables)

30. Gender parity index (GPI) : ratio of female to male adjusted net attendance ratios (primary or secondary) Check! Numerators and denominators of all of the ratios in this table can be found in Tables ED.4 and ED.5.

31. NEW! Check! The percentage of out of school children can be found in tables ED.4 and ED.5 for primary and secondary school ages, respectively. These form the denominators of the calculation of the percentage of girls in the total out of school population of primary and secondary school ages.

32. Methodological issues Results refer to attendance instead of enrolment In reality we should aim to measure attendance Enrolment tends to over estimate school participation Results refer to net attendance instead of gross Gross attendance in primary/secondary education includes children of no primary/no secondary education ages Gross attendance ratios can be greater than 100% Primary/secondary attendance ratios include children attending primary or higher/secondary or higher

33. Expected patterns Literacy rates are lower for those youth in rural areas and in poorer families Children living in urban areas and from richer families are more likely to attend preschool and start primary school on time Children living in rural areas, children from poor families, children whose mothers have no/low education and children from indigenous language and religious groups are less likely to attend school

34. Expected patterns At the primary school level, girls and boys are equally likely to attend school At the secondary school level, gender equality in attendance lowers

35. Things to look for in the tables Disparities in educational participation by: • Gender, • Geographical regions, • Wealth, • Language, • Religion, • Mother’s education, • Child labour status.

36. Things to look for in the tables • To better describe school participation we propose: • Look at primary and secondary together • Use the following 3 simple indicators: • Primary net attendance ratio • Secondary net attendance ratio • Percentage of secondary school age children that are attending primary school • Present analysis of school participation (levels and GPI) in a comprehensive way rather than primary and secondary separated

37. Some ideas for further analyses • Interconnected disparities • Education Participation Projection • Average Annual Rate of Increase • Other non-standard MICS indicators • Out-of-school children analysis • Schooling pathways • Schooling profile by age

38. Some ideas for further analyses

39. Some ideas for further analyses