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REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE JEFFERSON and MADISON

Chapter 7. REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE JEFFERSON and MADISON . The “Revolution of 1800” . Burr and Jefferson tie in the election of 1800 Alexander Hamilton supports Jefferson Jefferson, Republican, takes office with Burr as VP Peaceful transfer of power from one party to another

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REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE JEFFERSON and MADISON

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  1. Chapter 7 REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE JEFFERSON and MADISON

  2. The “Revolution of 1800” • Burr and Jefferson tie in the election of 1800 • Alexander Hamilton supports Jefferson • Jefferson, Republican, takes office with Burr as VP • Peaceful transfer of power from one party to another • Inaugural address: “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”

  3. Jefferson Dismantles Federalist Policies • Abolished all internal taxes (whiskey tax) • Reduced government spending • Cut federal debt almost in half • Reduced the size of the army and navy 50% • Retired most of the navy’s warships (Critics claimed he left the nation defenseless) • He tried removed the “midnight appointees”-judges appointed by Adams

  4. Question • Just how “DEMOCRATIC” was Jefferson?

  5. Trouble with the Barbary States

  6. Conflict With the Barbary States • North African states (Pasha of Tripoli) demanded tribute from ships sailing in Mediterranean • Jefferson dispatched U.S. fleet to “negotiate through the mouth of a cannon” • U.S. ends up paying $60,000 for the release of U.S. sailors

  7. North America in 1800

  8. Attack on the Judges: Marbury v. Madison • Jefferson tried to deny Federalist Marbury his judgeship. • Marbury took his case to the Supreme Court which ruled the court had no authority to order James Madison to deliver the commission. They ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. • ***Under Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison (1803) the ruling established the Supreme Court’s right of judicial review of federal legislation and executive action.

  9. ****Marbury v. Madison Judicial Review • Established one of the most important principles of American constitutional law: The right of judicial review. • . The Supreme Court held that the Court itself has the final say on the meaning of the Constitution (interpretation and application) as well as the power to nullify an act of Congress.

  10. Attack on the Judges: Impeachments • 1803--Federalist John Pickering impeached, removed for alcoholism and insanity • Republicans began to fearing the destruction of an independent judiciary. • Jefferson made the situation worse by seeking to impeach Federalist Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase • The Republican Senate refused to convict Chase. No attempt has been made since to restructure the court through impeachment.

  11. The Louisiana Purchase

  12. Westward: The Course of Empire • Intense migration to West after 1790 • New States included • Kentucky--1792 • Tennessee--1796 • Ohio—1803 ***Water transportation is essential to westward expansion and New Orleans connected these markets to the world

  13. The Louisiana Purchase • 1801--France bought Louisiana from Spain • 1803--Jefferson sent diplomats to France to buy New Orleans • Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million (4 cents an acre) • The Constitution is vague on Congressional authority to purchase LA • ****Jefferson abandons his position of a “strict” interpretation of the Constitution to purchase LA territory

  14. A Proclamation to the People of New Orleans, 1803 (In three languages)

  15. The Louisiana Purchase (2) • Louisiana inhabitants were French & Spanish • Jefferson denies them self-rule=“Taxation without representation” • Louisiana was governed from Washington • This was another Jeffersonian departure from Republicanism • The boundaries of the territory are not clear.

  16. http://www.history.com/topics/meriwether-lewis/videos#louisiana-purchase-doubles-size-of-americahttp://www.history.com/topics/meriwether-lewis/videos#louisiana-purchase-doubles-size-of-america

  17. LA Purchase: Is It Constitutional? • http://www.history.com/shows/the-presidents/videos/jefferson-expands-executive-power#jefferson-expands-executive-power

  18. The Lewis and Clark Expedition • Lewis and Clark Expedition was commissioned prior to purchase of Louisiana • Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 and returned in 1806. • They were gone for 21/2 years and covered 8,000 miles. • Sacagawea, Shoshone Indian guide • Both men agreed the area beyond the Missouri—though rich in resources--was not fit for settlement.

  19. The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and Clark

  20. http://www.history.com/videos/lewis--clark-expedition-charts-new-territoryhttp://www.history.com/videos/lewis--clark-expedition-charts-new-territory

  21. Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of Aaron Burr • Vice-President Aaron Burr breaks with Jefferson • 1804--Burr seeks Federalist support in 1804 New York governor’s race • Alexander Hamilton blocks Burr’s efforts • Burr kills Hamilton in a duel

  22. The Burr Conspiracy • Burr fled to the west after Hamilton duel • Some believed Burr planned to invade Spanish territory and convince western states to secede from the union. • Burr was arrested and tried for treason • John Marshall acquitted on Constitutional grounds of insufficient evidence • He fled to England but returned years later to live as an outcast in the U.S. “The wickedest man alive.”

  23. Video on Burr Duel • Founding Brothers

  24. Embarrassments Overseas • 1803--England and France resumed war (Napoleonic Wars) • American ships were subject to seizure: Between 1803 and 1807, the British seized 500 American ships and France seized 300. • Impressments=seizing U.S. sailors for service in English navy (Chesapeake-Leopard Incident) • Jefferson refused to declare war. Instead, he cut off trade with France and England instead. • Embargo Act of 1807-Jefferson’s alternative to war

  25. Embargo Act (1807) Divided the Nation • Embargo Act prohibited American ships from leaving the U.S. for any foreign port. • Embargo crippled the American economy. • American exports dropped from $108 million in 1807 to $22 million. • Imports dropped from $138 million to $57 million. • Merchants declared bankruptcy, jobs were lost, banks closed • Jefferson stopped enforcing the embargo

  26. VIDEO NOTES GORDON WOOD “EMPIRE OF LIBERTY”

  27. GORDON WOOD LECTURE: “EMPIRE OF LIBERTY” (1790-1820) • The population doubled every 20 years • Americans moved westward rapidly leading to disputes over land and relocation and conflict with Native Americans • Westward movement led to the creation of new states and a shift in political power from the east to the western region • Religious revivals sweep the nation (Second Great Awakening) and new religious groups are organized—Methodists, Baptists, Mormons, etc.

  28. Gordon Wood Video • The national economy grows rapidly and Americans seize opportunities for economic and social gains –very ambitious! • Crime rate spiked • Three wrong assumptions of the founding generation: 1. They could control westward expansion 2. They could deal with the Indians in a humane manner 3. Slavery would die a natural death

  29. JAMES MADISONTHE MADISON ADMINISTRATION

  30. James Madison Elected President

  31. # 4, James Madison • Part of the “Virginia Dynasty” and founding generation • Father of the Constitution • Author of the Federalist Papers • Supporter of the Bill of Rights • Dem-Republican along with Jefferson

  32. Historical Context: Madison Administration • Westward expansion, land disputes • Growing population • Religious revivalism “Second Great Awakening” • Great Britain and France were at war (Napoleonic Wars) US ships were caught between the warring nations • Embargo Act had damaged the US economy • Indian unrest in the Northeast and the South • Importation of slaves ended in 1808

  33. A New Administration Goes to War: Mr. Madison’s War • 1808--James Madison was elected President and Britain and France were at war • 1809--Embargo was repealed in favor of Non-Intercourse Act-reopens trade with all nations EXCEPT Britain and France • Macon’s Bill No. 2-U.S. resumed trade with France and Britain as long as both allowed unrestricted trade

  34. Causes of the War of 1812: US vs. Great Britain 1. Americans resented British occupation of forts in the Northwest where they supplied Indians in attacks against American settlers 2. British seizure of American ships and impressment of American citizens 3. As the nation moved westward, the region gained political power in Congress. “War Hawks” from the western states supported war with Britain=Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun 4. Some Americans hoped to gain territory in Canada and Florida

  35. War of 1812

  36. http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812/videos#americans-and-british-face-off-in-war-of-1812http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812/videos#americans-and-british-face-off-in-war-of-1812

  37. Fumbling Toward Conflict • Americans believed the British were supporting Tecumseh’s Western campaign • Congressional War Hawks demanded war against England to preserve American honor • June 1, 1812, Madison sent to Congress a declaration of war

  38. Americans Were Not Prepared for War • Small national budget=1/15th the size of England’s • Had only 7,500 men on military rolls • American navy had 16 warships and 7 frigates • British navy had 166 frigates and 124 large warships • Americans planned to attack Canada

  39. Strange War of 1812:The War’s Conclusion • 1814--three-pronged English attack • campaign from Canada to Hudson River Valley stopped at Lake Champlain • campaign in the Chesapeake resulted in burning of Washington, siege of Baltimore • campaign for New Orleans thwarted by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815 (13 casualties to 2000 British) • Treaty of Ghent signed December, 1814

  40. http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812/videos#accounts-receivable-book-seized-during-the-war-of-1812http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812/videos#accounts-receivable-book-seized-during-the-war-of-1812

  41. http://www.history.com/videos/andrew-jackson-hero-of-new-orleanshttp://www.history.com/videos/andrew-jackson-hero-of-new-orleans

  42. “The Star Spangled Banner” Frances Scott Key (30’ x42’)

  43. http://www.history.com/search?search-field=America+Flag%3ADeconstructed+&x=14&y=13http://www.history.com/search?search-field=America+Flag%3ADeconstructed+&x=14&y=13

  44. Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Federalists • Federalists convened December, 1814 • Proposed Constitutional changes to lessen power of South and West and the President • Federalists talked of secession • Treaty of Ghent and the victory of New Orleans made Convention appear disloyal • Federalist party never recovered

  45. Treaty of Ghent Ends the War • Most problems left unaddressed • Senate unanimously ratified the Treaty of Ghent • Americans claimed success in a "second war of independence"

  46. Republican Legacy • Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both died July 4, 1826 • James Madison died in 1836 • He despaired that Declaration’s principles not yet extended to African Americans

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