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Understanding Light Refraction: Principles and Applications

This handout provides a comprehensive overview of refraction, the bending of light rays when passing from one medium to another (e.g., air to glass). It explains how light travels at different speeds in various media and introduces Fermat's Principle, which states that light follows the path that takes the least time. Students will learn about the angle of refraction, the index of refraction, and dispersion of light, especially through prisms. Additionally, it includes practice problems to reinforce learning about these fundamental concepts in optics.

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Understanding Light Refraction: Principles and Applications

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  1. handout (Page 199) 11.1 Refraction of Light

  2. 11.1 Understanding Refraction • Light travels at __________in a vacuum • ____________ in any other medium

  3. 11.1 Describing Refraction • When light travels from one medium to another (e.g. ____________________) the light rays refract (_________) • The direction & speed of the light _____________

  4. 11.1 Describing Refraction (review) • Light travels as a wave • Light has a wave front (crest) & direction • Crests are perpendicular to the direction

  5. 11.1 Describing Refraction • Boundary: the surface between two media (e.g. air & glass) students marching in a parade… • As students reach mud they slow down bending the row • The red line shows the direction of the parade Do practice problems # 1-4 on p 451

  6. 11.1 Fermat’s Principle • Fermat’s Principle: light follows the path that will take the least time • In one medium, this is a straight line • Moving to another medium gives a second straight line

  7. 11.1 Describing Refraction Using Rays • Refracted Ray: The ray that is bent • Angle of Refraction: The angle between the normal and the refracted ray (R)

  8. 11.1 The Direction of the Refracted Ray • When light travels from a faster medium to a slower medium (or vice versa), refraction happens • The refracted ray bends towards the normal: when light travels to a slower medium • The refracted ray bends away from the normal: when light travels to a faster medium Refraction animation

  9. 11.1 Index of Refraction • How much a light ray refracts depends on _____________ _____________________________________________ • Index of Refraction:

  10. 11.1 Dispersion • Dispersion: • White light includes all visible wavelengths of light (ROYGBIV) • White light entering a prism is defracted twice;

  11. 11.1 Dispersion • Each colour travels at a slightly different _____________through the prism • Red light is travelling the slowest, so it refracts the _________. • Violet light is moving at fastest, so it refracts the __________

  12. 11.1 Reporting Indices of Refraction • Yellow is used as a standard for reporting the index of refraction of light • Indices of refraction for gases include pressure (kPa) & temperature (ºC) conditions • Indices of refraction for solids and liquids include only temperature (ºC) conditions • Indices of refraction are always greater than 1 since speed of light in any medium is always _______________ • _________________________________________________

  13. 11.1 Reporting Indices of Refraction • If you know the index of refraction, you can calculate the speed of light in that medium. • Do Practice Problems # 1-4 on page 455

  14. Do Questions # 1-5 on page 456

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